“Write About the Ways Auden Tells the Story in the Poetic Piece ‘Miss Gee’”

â€Å"Write about the ways Auden tells the story in the poetic piece ‘Miss Gee’? † Through the ballad of ‘Miss Gee’ Auden tells the story of the character Miss Edith Gee this is achieved in a variety of ways. The poetic piece is a ballad intended to be read to the tune of ‘St James’ Infirmary’. Auden has created a regular pattern of quatrains as well as a regular rhythm which progresses the general flow of the poem and creates the atmosphere of a story for the reader.The initial exposition is extremely sympathetic towards Miss Gee. â€Å"Now let me tell you a little story about Miss Edith Gee† is a cruel way to open the narrative as Auden instantly belittles her character and makes her seem insignificant, whereas she is actually the main, if not only character we meet in detail. This technique is effectives the reader then feels that she is insignificant, and although it is she who lends her name to the poem, is an outcast a nd a quiet individual.She is continually referred to as small, further lowering the impressions of the character to the reader. Auden establishes the setting of the poem in the introductory stanza, as would be done in a story â€Å"She lived in Clevedon Terrace/ At Number 83†. This is an ordinary address and place for the poem to be set it, this in turn establishes the normality and average attributes of Miss Gee showing her character as one of no complexity.The further repetition of ‘Clevedon Terrace’ in the poem is a constant reminder from Auden to the reader to always bring them back to the fact that the character Miss Gee is intended to be average and ordinary just like any other individual. Miss Gee’s appearance is made apparent by Auden in the third stanza â€Å"She’d a velvet hat with trimmings,/And a dark grey serge costume;† â€Å"purple†¦ green† this description of Miss Gee’s clothing is very ironic as lots of col ours are present but on a colourless character.Auden may have intended this imagery to be seen as symbolism of Miss Gee’s persona how she tries to mask her simplicity in colours but is always unable to mask her unfeminine personality and the fact that she is insecure in her own skin. The is no connection between Auden and herself and the poem has a very impersonal tone to it Auden is very mocking of Miss Gee when describing her clothing as a â€Å"costume† which creates the impression that she almost trying to dress up as somebody else and is seen to some as somewhat of a joke. Auden uses a regular pattern of rhyme throughout the poetic piece

Stages of Study and Evaluation of Internal Control Essay

The stages/activities involve in studying and evaluating internal control are: A. Obtaining an understanding of the entity’s internal control structure. B. Assessing the preliminary level of control risk. C. Obtaining evidential matter to support the assessed level of control risk. D. Evaluating the results of evidential matter. E. Determining the necessary level of detection risk. STAGE A. Obtaining an understanding of the entity’s internal control structure. In planning the audit examination, each of the five components of internal control must be studied and understood by the auditor to enable him to (1) identify types of potential misstatements; (2) consider factors that affect the risk of misstatement; and (3) begin to design appropriate testing procedure. Understanding the Control Environment The auditor should obtain sufficient knowledge of the control environment to understand management’s and the board of director’s attitude, awareness, and actions concerning the control environment. The auditor should concentrate on the substance of management’s policies, procedures, and related actions rather than their form because management may establish appropriate policies and procedures but not act on them. Understanding Control Procedures Because some control procedures are integrated in specific components of the control environment and accounting system, as the auditor obtains an understanding of the control environment and accounting system, he is also likely to obtain knowledge about some control procedures. The auditor should consider the knowledge about the presence or absence of the control procedures obtained from the understanding of the control environment and accounting system in determining whether it is necessary to devote additional attention to obtain an understanding of control procedures to plan the audit. Understanding the Accounting and Internal Control Systems To understand the design of the accounting information system, the auditor determines (1) the major classes of transactions of the entity; (2) how  those transaction are initiated; (3) what accounting records exist and their nature; (4) how transactions are processed from initiation to completion, including the extent and nature of computer use; (5) the nature and details of the financial reporting process followed. Typically, this is accomplished and documented by a narrative description of the system or by flowcharting. The operation of the accounting information system is often determined by tracing one or few transactions through the system (called a transaction walk-through). Information controls relating to the accounting system are concerned with achieving objectives such as: Transactions are executed in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization. All transactions and other events are promptly recorded in the correct amount, in the appropriate accounts and in the proper accounting period so as to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with an identified financial reporting framework. Access to assets and records is permitted only in accordance with management’s authorization. Recorded assets are compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken regarding any differences. When obtaining an understanding of the accounting and internal control systems to plan the audit, the auditor obtains knowledge of the design of the accounting and internal control systems. When the transactions selected are typical of those transactions that pass through the system, this procedure may be treated as part of tests of control. The nature, timing, and extent of the procedures performed by the auditor to obtain an understanding of the accounting and internal control systems will vary with, among other things: The size and complexity of the entity and of its computer system. Materiality considerations. The type of internal controls involved. The nature of the entity’s documentation of specific internal controls. The auditor’s assessment of inherent risk. Ordinarily, the auditor’s understanding of the accounting and internal control systems significant to the audit is obtained through previous with the entity and is supplemented by: a. Inquiries of appropriate management, supervisory and other personnel at various organizational levels within the entity, together with reference to documentation, such as procedures  manuals, job descriptions, and flow charts; b. Inspection of documents and records procedure by the accounting and internal control systems; and c. Observation of the entity’s activities and operations, including observation of the organization of computer operations, management personnel and the nature of transaction processing. The auditor determines the policies, procedures, methods, and records placed in operation by inspecting documents and directly observing the policies and procedures in use. The auditor can examine actual, completed documents and records to bring the contents of the manual to life and better understand them. In addition, the auditor can observe client personnel in the process of preparing them and carrying out their normal accounting and control activities. This further enhances understanding and knowledge that controls have been placed in operation. Documentation of Understanding The auditor should document the understanding of the entity’s internal control structure elements obtained to plan the audit. The form and extent of this documentation is influenced by the size and complexity of the entity, as well as the nature of the entity’s internal control structure. Generally, the more complex the internal control structure and the more extensive the procedures performed, the more extensive the auditor’s documentation should be. 1. Internal Accounting Control Questionnaire Internal accounting control questionnaire contains a series of questions designed to detect control weaknesses. Most questionnaires are designed to yield â€Å"yes†, â€Å"no†, or â€Å"not applicable† answers to the questions. A â€Å"yes† answer generally indicates a satisfactory degree of internal accounting control while a â€Å"no† answer indicates a possible weakness in control or at least indicates that further investigation is required. If the weakness is material, them it should be reported to a senior management, the board of directors, and the audit committee. â€Å"Material weakness is one in which the procedures or degree of compliance with the procedures fail to provide reasonable assurance that material errors or irregularities would be prevented or promptly detected during the accounting process.† In completing the internal control questionnaire, the auditor should consider the  following critical aspects: 1. Is the system of internal control sound? 2. If it is not reliable, what errors might occur? 3. What alternative audit procedures should be adopted if the system is unreliable? Advantages They provide audit assurance that attention is given to presence or absence of all controls listed and that certain features of the system are not overlooked. They provide a means of obtaining uniform documentation of internal control system reviewed. They provide inexperienced audit staff members with guidance in performing internal control reviews. They facilitate the early detection of potential weaknesses in the system. Disadvantages Auditor may view the questionnaire device for accomplishing an automatic evaluation of internal control. Controls listed on questionnaire may not suit the particular circumstances of a specific audit. The auditor may overlook pertinent control not included in the questionnaires. 2. Flowcharts Flowchart is a symbolic diagram of a specific part of an internal accounting control system indicating the sequential flow of data and/or authority. An internal control flowchart uses standardized symbols, interconnecting lines, and annotations to represent information, document, and document flow. It provides a pictorial overview of a client’s internal control activities. It illustrates the interaction of individuals, records, and control related to a particular department or class of transactions. Internal control flowcharts generally reflect the segregation of duties by using a column across the top to reflect different departments and the flow of documents and the flow of documents from left to right. Advantages Easily understood. Since flowcharts provide a visual description supplemented by a written narrative, they are more easily understood. Better overall picture or complex system. A complex system may be reduced to a one or two-page flowchart which might otherwise require a 15-page internal control questionnaire or a 10-page narrative memo. Parallels EDP documentation. EDP systems are commonly documented with flowcharts which make it easier for EDP  purchase personnel to relate to the auditors. It is easy to update. Disadvantages Higher level of knowledge and training are required to prepare a good flowchart of a complex system. Flowcharts take more time to prepare and require more knowledge. It is more difficult to spot internal control weakness. The ff. questions should be answered before a flowchart is prepared: 1. Who performs the various functions in the routine? 2. Why are these functions performed? 3. What work is performed, and is the work considered input or output? 4. When are the functions performed and in what sequence? 5. How are the functions performed and in what sequence? Conference with senior management, supervisors, and employees using the above checklist should be conducted by the independent auditor before flowcharting the routine. In addition, copies of all forms, documents and reports used in the routine to be flowcharted should be obtained. A primary purpose of the internal control flowchart is to communicate effectively. The ff. techniques should assist in meeting this goal: Standardized symbols. Auditors use a uniform set of symbols developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Flowlines. The flow of documents should be from top to bottom and left to right. Arrowheads may be used on all lines and should be used when the flow is not standard or is bi-directional. Documents. When a document is created, its source should be indicated. Multiple-document symbols are required when multiple copies of the document are prepared. The disposition of every copy or each document should be shown. Processing. Processing symbols are used to identify any procedures applied to documents such as their being filed. Annotations. Comments and explanations should be used to make the flowchart easier to understand or more complete. The ff. guidelines may be useful in preparing a flowchart: Determine the class of transactions or transaction cycle to be flowcharted. Obtain an understanding of internal control by making inquiries of client personnel, observing employee activities, and examining documents, records, and policies and procedures manuals. Organize the flowchart into columns, using a different column for each department, function, or individual. Draw a sketch of the flowchart. Draw the flowchart and insert comments and annotations. Test the flowchart for completeness by following a few transactions through the chart. 3. Narrative Description A narrative is a written description of a particular phase or phases or a control system. Although useful for describing simple systems, narratives may be adequate when a system is complicated or frequently revised. If the systems are extensive and/or complex, separate narratives may be prepared for a smaller groups of control which relate to specific classes of transactions or accounts. Some auditor prepare narrative descriptions to accompany internal control questionnaire or flowcharts in order to provide information not otherwise included. Advantages: Narrative is flexible and may be tailor-made for engagement. Requires a detailed analysis and thus forces auditor to understand functioning of the system. Disadvantages: Auditor may not have the ability to describe the system correctly and concisely. This may require more time and careful study. Auditor may overlook important portions of internal control system. A poorly written internal accounting control narrative can lead to a misunderstanding of the system thus resulting in the improper design and application of compliance tests. 4. Internal Control Checklist This contains a detailed enumeration of the methods and practices which characterize good internal control or of item to be considered in reviewing internal control. 5. Decision tables In this approach, the system is depicted as decision points. Advantages and disadvantages are similar to those of the flowchart approach. STAGE B. ASSESSING THE PRELIMINARY LEVEL OF CONTROL RISK After obtaining an understanding of the accounting and internal control systems, the auditor should make a preliminary assessment of control risk, at the assertion level, for each material account balance or class of transactions. The preliminary assessment of control risk is the process where the auditor evaluates the effectiveness of a client’s internal control policies and procedures in preventing or detecting material misstatements in the financial statement assertions, namely: (1)/(2) Existence/ Occurrence. Procedures that require documentation, approvals, authorization, verification, and reconciliations. (3) Completeness. Procedures that ensure that all transactions that occur are recorded such as accounting for numerical sequence of documents. (4) Right and obligations. Procedures that ensure that the entity has a right to asset or an obligation to pay arising from the transaction. (5)/(6) Valuation/ Measurement. Procedures that ensure that a proper price is charged and that mathematical accuracy are present in recording and in developing the accounting records and financial statement. (7) Presentation and Disclosure. Procedures that indicate that a review has been made to ascertain that a transaction has been recorded in the proper account and that financial statement disclosure have been reviewed by competent personnel. The process of arriving at the auditor’s assessment of control risk is an iterative process that is refined as the auditor’s obtain more and more evidence about the effectiveness of various internal control policies and procedures. After obtaining the understanding of the internal control structure, the auditor may assess control risk at the maximum level. The term maximum level is used in this section to mean the greatest probability that a material misstatement that could occur in a financial statement assertion will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by an entity’s internal control structure. Control risk may be assessed in quantitative terms, such as percentages, or in nonquantitative terms that range, for example, from a maximum to a minimum. Assessing control risk at below the maximum level involves- Identifying specific internal control structure policies and procedure relevant to specific assertions that are likely to prevent or detect material misstatements in those assertions. Performing tests of control to evaluate the effectiveness of such policies and procedures. The preliminary assessment of control risk for a financial statement assertion should be high unless the auditor: a. Is  able to identify internal controls relevant to the assertion which are likely to prevent or detect, and correct a material misstatement; and b. Plans to perform tests of control to support the assessment. Assessing Inherent Risk In developing the overall audit plan, the auditor should assess inherent risk at the financial level. In developing the audit program, the auditor should relate such assessment to material account balances and classes of transactions at assertion level, or assume that inherent risk is high for the assertion. To assess inherent risk, the auditor uses professional judgement to evaluate numerous factors, examples of which are: At the Financial Statement Level The integrity of management. Management experience and knowledge and changes in management during the period. Unusual pressure on management. The nature of the entity’s business. Factors affecting the industry in which the entity operates. At the Account Balance and Class of Transactions Level Financial statement accounts likely to be susceptible to misstatement. The complexity of underlying transactions and other events which might require using the work of an expert. The degree of judgment involved in determining account balances. Susceptible of asset to loss or misappropriation. The completion of unusual and complex transactions. Transactions not subjected to ordinary processing. Relationship between the Assessment of Inherent and Control Risks Management often reacts to inherent risk situations by designing accounting and internal control systems to prevent or detect, and correct misstatements and therefore, in many cases, inherent risk and control risk are highly interrelated. In such situations, if the auditor attempts to assess inherent risk and control risks separately, there is a possibility of inappropriate risk assessment. As a result, audit risk may be more appropriately determined in such situations by making a combined assessment. Identification of Specific Internal Control Policies to Specific Assertions  Auditors are interested in control activities because they assist in establishing the validity of financial statement assertions. Controls that enhance the reliability of the financial statements may be preventive controls or detection controls. Preventive controls avoid errors and irregularities while detection controls recognizing that error will occur even under ideal conditions provide for a â€Å"double-check† to locate significant occurrences after the fact. If an entity’s controls are found to be effective, the auditor may reduce the selected auditing procedures to test a group of assertions. Control activities may provide direct evidence about the many assertions. In identifying internal control structure policies and procedures relevant to specific financial statement assertions, the auditor should consider that the policies and procedures can have either a pervasive effect on many assertions or a specific effect on an individual assertion, depending on the nature of the particular internal control structure element involved. Conversely, some control procedures often have a specific effect on an individual assertion embodied in a particular account balance or transaction class. The objective of procedu res performed to obtain understanding of the internal control structure is to provide the auditor with knowledge necessary for audit planning. The objective of test of controls is to provide evidential matter to use in assessing control risk. When the auditor concludes that procedures performed to obtain the understanding of the internal control structure also provide evidential matter for assessing control risk, he should consider the degree of assurance provided by that evidential matter. Although such evidential matter may not provide sufficient assurance to support an assessed level of control risk that is below the maximum level of certain assertions, it may do so for other assertions and thus provide a basis for modifying the nature, timing, or extent of the substantive tests that the auditor plans for those assertions. STAGE C. OBTAINING EVIDENTIAL MATTER TO SUPPORT THE ASSESSED LEVEL OF CONTROL RISK The auditor obtains evidential matter to enable him to determine the proper level of control risk by performing test of controls or compliance tests on selected policies and procedures. Compliance procedures are designed to obtain reasonable assurance that those internal controls on which tests requiring inspection of documents supporting transactions to gain evidence that controls have operated  properly and inquiries about and observation of controls which leave no audit trail. Test of Controls Procedures directed toward either the effectiveness of the design or operations of an internal control structure policy or procedure are referred to as tests of controls. Tests to obtain such evidential matter ordinarily include procedures such as inquiries of appropriate entity personnel, inspection of documents and reports, and observations of the application of specific internal control structure policies and procedures. Tests of control are performed to obtain audit evidence about the effectiveness of the: a. Design of the accounting and internal control systems, that is, whether they are suitably designed to prevent or detect and correct material misstatements; and b. Operation of the internal controls throughout the period. The auditor should obtain audit evidence through tests of controls to support any assessment of control risk which is less than high. The lower the assessment of control risk, the more support the auditor should obtain that accounting and internal control sy stems are suitably designed and operating effectively. When obtaining audit evidence about the effective operation of internal controls, the auditor considers how they were applied, the consistency with which they were applied during the period and by whom they were applied. The concept of effective operation recognizes that some deviations may have occurred. Deviations from prescribed controls may be caused by such factors as changes in key personnel, significant seasonal fluctuations in volume of transactions and human error. In computer information system environment, the objectives of tests of controls do not change from those in a manual environment; however, some audit procedures may change. The auditor may find it necessary, or may prefer, to use computer-assisted audit techniques. STAGE D. EVALUATING THE RESULTS OF THE EVIDENTIAL MATTER Based on the results of the tests of controls, the auditor should evaluate whether the internal controls are designed and operating as contemplated in the preliminary assessment of control risk. The evaluation of deviations may result in the auditor concluding that the assessed level of control risk needed to be revised. In such cases, the auditor would modify the nature,  timing, and extent of planned substantive procedures. The conclusion reached as a result of assessing control risk is referred to as the assessed level of control risk. In determining the evidential matter necessary to support a specific assessed level of control risk below the maximum level, the auditor should consider the characteristics of evidential matter about the control risk. Generally, however the lower the assessed level of control risk, the greater the assurance the evidential matter must provide that the internal control structure policies and procedures relevant to an assertion are designed and operating effectively. Ordinarily, the auditor’s observation provides more reliable audit evidence than merely making inquiries. However, audit evidence obtained by some tests of controls, such as observation, pertains only to the point in time at which the procedures was applied. The auditor may decide, therefore, to supplement these procedures with other tests of control capable of providing audit evidence about other period of time. In determining the appropriate audit evidence to support a conclusion about control risk, the auditor may consider the audit evidence obtained in prior audits. In a continuing engagement, the auditor will be aware of the accounting and internal control systems through work carried out previously but will need to update the knowledge gained and consider the need to obtain further audit evidence of any changes in control. The auditor in addition, should consider whether the internal controls were in use throughout the period. An audit of financial statements is a cumulative process; as the auditor assesses control risk, the information obtained may cause him to modify the nature, timing, or extent of the planned tests of controls for assessing control risk. The evaluation is based on the effectiveness of the entity’s control structure in preventing and/pr detecting material misstatements, as determined by the tests of controls. STAGE E. DETERMINING THE NECESSARY LEVEL OF DETECTION RISK The auditor uses the acceptable level of detection risk to determine the nature, timing, and extent of the auditing procedures to be used to detect material misstatements in the financial statement assertions, auditing procedures designed to detect such misstatements are referred to in this section as substantive tests. The level of detection risk relates directly to the auditor’s substantive procedures. The auditor’s control risk  assessment, together with the inherent risk assessment, influence the nature, timing, and extent of the substantive procedures to be performed to reduce risk, and therefore audit risk, to an acceptably low level. In this regard the auditor would consider: a. The nature of substantive procedures, for example, using tests directed toward independent parties outside the entity rather than tests directed toward parties or documentation within the entity, or using tests of details for a particular audit objectives in addition to analytical procedures; b. The timing of substantive procedures, for example, performing them at period rather than at an earlier date; and c. The extent of substantive procedures, for example, using a larger sample size. As the acceptable level of detection risk decrease, the assurance provided from substantive tests should increase. Consequently, the auditor may do one or more of the ff Change the nature of substantive tests from a less effective to a more effective procedures, such as using tests directed toward parties or documentation within the entity Change the timing of substantive tests, such as performing them at year-end rather than at interim date. Change the extent of substantive tests, such as using a larger sample size. There is an inverse relationship between the detection risks and the combined level of inherent and control risks. The substantive tests that the auditor performs consist of tests of details of transactions and balances, and analytical procedures. The objective of tests of details of transactions performed as substantive tests is to detect material misstatements in the financial statements. The auditor should recognize, however, that careful consideration should be given to the design and evaluation of such tests to ensure that both objectives will be accomplished. Audit Risk in the Small Business The auditor needs to obtain the same level of assurance in order to express an unqualified opinion on the financial statements of both small and large entities. However, many internal controls which would be relevant to large entities are not practical in the small business for example is the segregation of duties. In circumstances where segregation of duties is  limited and audit evidence of supervisory control is lacking, the audit evidence necessary to support the auditor’s opinion on the financial statements may have to be obtained entirely through the performance of substantive procedures. How Adequacy or Inadequacy of Internal Control Affects Audit Procedures The primary reason for studying and evaluating internal control is to provide a basis for relying upon the system and for determining the extent of year-end substantive tests to be performed. There is an inverse relationship between the effectiveness of internal control and the extent of detailed audit procedures; more effective system requires less detailed testing. Strengths and weaknesses identified during the evaluation of internal accounting control and tests of compliance will affect the nature, timing, and extent of audit procedures. The audit is not specifically designed to search for errors or irregularities, although during the study and evaluation of internal accounting control system and the performance of substantive tests, errors, or irregularities may be discovered. The auditor must consider the audit implication when errors or irregularities are likely to exist. Documentation of the Assessed Level of Control Risk The auditor should document in the working papers. a. The understanding obtained of the entity’s accounting and internal control systems; b. The assessment of control risk. When control risk is assessed at less than high, the auditor would also document the basis for the conclusions. Figure 11.2 Relationship of Effectiveness of Internal Control and Substantive Tests Controls initially considered effective Controls initial not considered effective or not cost efficient Reduce control risk Assess control risk at maximum (100%) Reduce acceptable risk of overreliance on internal control Acceptable risk of overreliance on internal control- 100% (maximum) Perform tests of control (inquiries, inspection, observation, and reperformance) Perform no tests of controls Increase detection risk Decrease detection risk Reduce planned substantive test 1. Use less persuasive substantive tests. 2. Perform the substantive tests at interim date. 3. Decrease extent of substantive test by selecting a smaller sample size. Perform extensive substantive testing 1. Use more effective substantive tests. 2. Perform substantive tests at year-end 3. Increase extent of substantive tests by selecting a larger sample size. Communication of Performance, Improvements and Observations in Internal Control Management. As a result of obtaining an understanding of the accounting and internal control systems and tests of controls, the auditor may become aware of weaknesses in the systems. The auditor should make the management aware, as soon as practical and at an appropriate responsibility, of material weaknesses in the design or operation of the accounting and internal control systems, which have come to the auditor’s attention. The communication to management of material weaknesses would ordinarily in writing. Management letter may be made that will contain constructive suggestions or improvements in internal control or other suggestions for increased efficiency in operations. This letter is considered a by-product rather than the aim of the audit and is often completed sometimes after the completion of the field work. If however, the auditor identifies material weaknesses, he has a professional responsibility to communicate them to both senior management and the board of directors. The auditor should issue a written report at the earliest possible that it is documented in the work papers. Reportable Conditions Specifically, these are the matters coming to the auditor’s attention that, in his judgement, should be communicated to the audit committee because they represent significant deficiencies in the design or operation of the internal control structure, which could adversely affect the organization’s ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial data consistent with the assertions of management in the financial statements. Examples of reportable conditions are as follows: Deficiencies in internal control  structure design Inadequate overall internal control structure design Absence of appropriate segregation of duties consistent with appropriate control objectives. Absence of appropriate reviews, and approvals of transactions, accounting entries, or systems output. Inadequate procedures for appropriately assessing and applying accounting principles. Inadequate provisions for the safeguarding of assets. Absence of other internal control techniques considered appropriate for the type and level of transaction activity. Evidence that a system fails to provide complete and accurate output that is consistent with objectives and current needs because of design flaws. Failures in the operation of the internal control structure Evidence of failure of identified controls in preventing or detecting misstatements of accounting information Evidence that a system fails to provide complete and accurate output consistent with the entity’s control objectives because of the misapplication of control procedures. Evidence of failure to safeguard assets from loss, damage, or misappropriation. Evidence of intentional override of the internal control structure by those in authority to the detriment of the overall objectives of the system. Evidence of failure to perform tasks that are part of the internal control structure, such as reconciliation not prepared or not timely prepared. Evidence of willful wrongdoing by employees or management. Evidence of manipulation, falsification, or alteration of accounting records or supporting documents. Evidence of intentional misapplication of accounting principles. Evidence of misrepresentation by client personnel to the auditor. Evidence that employees or management lack the qualifications and training to fulfill their assigned functions. Others Absence of sufficient level of control consciousness within the organization Failure to follow up and correct previously identified internal control structure deficiencies. Evidence of significant or extensive undisclosed  related party transactions. Evidence of undue bias or lack of objectivity by those responsible for accounting decisions. Reporting- Form and Content Conditions noted by the auditor that are considered reportable under this section or that are the result of agreement with the client should be reported, preferable in writing. If the information is communicated orally, the auditor should document the communication by appropriate memoranda or notations in the working papers. Any report issued on reportable conditions should: Indicate that a purpose of the audit was to report on the financial statements and not to provide assurance on the internal control structure. Include the definition of reportable conditions.  Include the restriction on distribution as discussed in the previous paragraph. If no reportable conditions are found, an auditor may not issue a letter stating that. Such a letter may mislead users by implying a greater level of assurance about the lack of any significant deficiencies than the auditor could really provide. However, an auditor may issue a letter indicating that no material weaknesses were found during the course of an audit.

Annotated Bibliography On Agile Web Design Essay - 859 Words

Introduction to Agile Web Design Although, the agile development methodology use is becoming more and more prevalent in the tech industry, non-initiates often wonder if this â€Å"methodology† is nothing more than colorful lip-speak, used more to impress potential clients than deliver any true value. So what is the 411? (For those of you born after ’95, 411 means information or low-down.) This is not a comprehensive guide to scrum or agile, but rather a brief introduction. And, aims to help you understand the agile framework and know what to expect, and the additional value you receive, when working with an â€Å"agile† organization.Let’s get started. What is agile? â€Å"Agile† was first introduced in 2001, by a team of software engineers looking to improve their adaptiveness and responsiveness to ever-changing requirements. Not knowing where to begin, the team began by formulating principles, which they would use to guide their new development process. Which, in turn, lead to the creation of the Agile Manifesto, and thus a new methodology was born. Agile Manifesto We are uncovering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping other do it. Through this work we have come to value: Individuals and interactions over processes and tools Working software over comprehensive documentation Customer collaboration over contract negotiation Responding to change over following a plan This is, while there is value in the items on that right, we value the items on the left more.Show MoreRelatedQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 PagesManufacturing Engineering, was Professor of Mechanical Engineering, and was Director of the Program in Industrial Engineering. Dr. Montgomery has research and teaching interests in engineering statistics including statistical quality-control techniques, design of experiments, regression analysis and empirical model building, and the application of operations research methodology to problems in manufacturing systems. He has authored and coauthored more than 190 technical papers in these fields and is theRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pages ® are trademarks of XEROX CORPORATION in the United States and/or other countries. HBR.org G 1. BETTER NAVIGATION 2. ANSWERS WHEN YOU NEED THEM APRIL 2007 O TO HBR.ORG, AND YOU’LL NOTICE SOME CHANGES. We’ve rolled out our ï ¬ rst stage of Web site enhancements, the culmination of which will be an entirely revamped site this fall. Each article online now has its own table of contents, making it easy to ï ¬ nd the sections most relevant to you. We’ve included a link to the executive summaryRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesContract theory analysis of managerial accounting issues Stanley Baiman 3. Reframing management accounting practice: a diversity of perspectives Jane Baxter and Wai Fong Chua 4. Management accounting and digitization Alnoor Bhimani 5. The contingent design of performance measures Robert H. Chenhall 6. Integrated cost management Robin Cooper and Regine Slagmulder 7. Capital bugeting and informational impediments: a management accounting perspective Lawrence A. Gordon, Martin P. Loeb, and Chih-Yang TsengRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesthe National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48-1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To our grandchildren Annika, Jacob, Katherine, Madison, Magnus, and Molly Contents Illustrations . . . . . Preface . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments . The Web Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Facts, Fiction and The Civil War Essay Samples

Facts, Fiction and The Civil War Essay Samples Ok, I Think I Understand The Civil War Essay Samples, Now Tell Me About the Civil War Essay Samples! Any company which you are evaluating should supply you with adequate samples of their writing history. Although most of the uniforms and equipment bears Soviet markings, there's a HYDRA symbol present, suggesting that it can be a secret HYDRA facility as opposed to simply Soviet. The very first consideration when evaluating different companies is to make sure they provide custom papers. You don't wish to cover prewritten paper, because this won't adhere to your assignment information or requirements. While reviewing different civil war paper topics, you're going to want to search for an idea you'd love to pursue you can cover within the amount of your paper. The answer isn't as easy as many might think. The Most Popular Civil War Essay Samples It resembles the English Civil War in that 1 faction of a nation's populace fought another. While slavery is cited as the most frequently encountered reason for the Civil War, it's believed that there were several different factors involved. Buying time is just one of the war tricks that is now utilized in wars and enables the armies to learn more ground (Haskell 70). While the most frequent reason for the Civil war is believed to be slavery, there were several different factors involved also. Folks might feel I am some type of a Californiaist revolutionary. Considered among the deadliest war in the us, some individuals have disregarded the value of reminiscing and preserving the battlefields. The countries of america had different financial systems. It's thought to be one of the most bloodied battles in the history of america. It is therefore important to study the Civil war as a chief conflict between the South and the North as is already discussed above. From 1861 to 1900, the Civil War fostered a whole lot of financial shift in the States. A civil war is a war that occurs between a couple of groups in 1 country. This decade would certainly permit the civil rights movement to become far more established. This act prompted many riots, particularly in the poorer areas of the nation. The Voting rights act proved to be a wonderful step not just for civil rights movement, but for democracy also. Ok, I Think I Understand The Civil War Essay Samples, Now Tell Me About the Civil War Essay Samples! If you wish to create a paper about religion, be certain to read this expert-written essay example on the subject of culture vs religion it can give you a hand. Possessing the tentative objective, you can structure the entire article. Reality, however, is a little more complicated. Top Civil War Essay Samples Choices Farms and plantation were the primary source of revenue. There are 3 floors of exhibits, which cover many facets of the Confederacy. The close of the battle caused a Confederate victory due to their capacity to deal with communication better than the Union. This portion of the battle at Antietam is thought to be pivotal in determining the results of the battle at Antietam. Some folks are scared of the government and won't ever speak out, but others are going to stand up even without a fantastic reason behind that. In addition, owning many slave was associated with higher status also. The alts have different number of turns and men, one particular alt with units composed of units with a couple of hundred men to some other alt with units composed of thousands of men. Name a renowned women's suffragist. The mere truth that revolutionaries did not focus on the origin of the slaves was sufficient to spark intense animosity towards the whites and the Confederation. Nevertheless, the quantity of plantation farmers prepared to move from growing different crops to growing cotton increased leading to greater demand for large quantity of cheap labor (slaves). Obviously it was quite a profit able and sensitive issue for those southerners. The issue arises when you comprehend the double economy that was created by slavery.

The Registered Nurse Functions At An Independent Level Of...

The registered nurse functions at an independent level of nursing. Registered nurses conduct comprehensive nursing assessments of the health status of clients. A RN is required to conduct the initial assessment of a client. However, the LPN may follow up with conducting focused assessments. The RN retains overall responsibility for verifying data collected, interpreting data, and formulating nursing diagnoses. A registered nurse is responsible for delegating a task initially and for periodic assessments and evaluation of the outcome of the task. RNs may delegate to other RNs, PNs, and APs. Registered nurses must be knowledgeable about their state’s nurse practice act and regulations to guide the use of practical nurses and assistive†¦show more content†¦Typical duties of a board of nursing include administering nurse licensure by overseeing the NCLEX and taking actions against nurses who have exhibited unsafe nursing practice, accrediting nurse education programs, de veloping polices, rules, and regulations, enforcing the Nurse Practice Act. For any reason you are asked to appear before the board of nursing, once the board receives the complaint the nurse will receive a notice of investigation and the board hires an investigator to look into the matter. The attorney general then serves the nurse with a formal accusation against the nurse’s license and then you must attend a hearing; prudent nurses will hear your case and determine necessary punishment. The American Nurses Association is a professional organization to advance and protect the profession of nursing. The organization establishes standards of nursing practice promoting the rights of nursing in the workplace and advancing the economic and general welfare of nurses. The ANA originated in 1896, formerly named the Nurses Associated Alumnae and renamed the ANA in 1911, based in Silver Spring, Maryland. When nurses give care it is essential to provide a specified service according to standards of practice and a follow a code of ethics. The Institute of Medicine is an American nonprofit, nongovernmental agency. Now called the National Academy of Medicine operates outside of federal government. The national academy of Medicine provides advice onShow MoreRelatedIn Part One Of This Assignment I Discussed My Experiences1326 Words   |  6 PagesIn part one of this assignment; I discussed my experiences as a Licensed Practical Nurse. I recalled into some of the biggest hurdles I tackled and now I envision the challenges, I may face during the transition. In this paper, I will be further discussing the transition from Licensed practical nurse to Registered nurse. The focus is on the responsibilities of a RN and stages of change in becoming a student once again. As I discussed in my video, there are challenges that I will face in the upcomingRead MoreThe Relationship Between Standards Practice And Standards Of Care1317 Words   |  6 Pagesvarious clinical settings and area of expertise by organization scope and standa rds of practice as governed by individual states. Standard of practices for Advance Nurse Practitioners’(APNs) refers to legal guidelines or benchmarks set forth in the state of Florida by the Florida Board of Nursing (FBON) that are used to determine what a nurse practitioner can or cannot do as it relates to patient care. On the other hand, the Standards of care (SOC’s) serves as a guideline when evaluating APNs care forRead MoreLearning Self-Analysis for Nursing Program972 Words   |  4 PagesAdvanced Practice Nurses? What is the educational preparation for each and what role do they commonly have?   In order to be classified as an Advanced Practice Nurse, one must attain either a Masters or Doctoral degree in the field of clinical nursing. There are four types of Advanced Care Nurses: Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS), Clinical Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA), Nurse Practitioner (NP), and Certified Nurse-Midwife (CNM). Each niche of the Advanced Practice Nursing industry requiresRead MorePreceptorship Program Proposal At A Medical Center1703 Words   |  7 Pagesfor newly licensed registered nurses during the first 6 months of their employment so as to decrease high turnover rates, turn over costs, medication errors and increase patient safety. There is a high turnover rate of newly registered nurses in the healthcare industry as they transition from students to professional nurses. So strategies to implement an effective preceptorship programs that will decrease turnover rates is important. Newly licensed registered nurses lack a level of performance andRead MoreHealthcare : A Continuous Emerging Industry Across The World1150 Words   |  5 Pagesa continuous emerging industry across the world. With our ever changing life styles and the increased levels of pollution across the world more and more people are suffering from various health issues. Nursing is an extremely diverse profession and among the highest educated with several levels ranging from a licensed practical nurse (LPN) to a registered nurse (RN) on up to a Doctorate in Nursing. Diane Viens (2003) perfectly states that ‘The NP is a critical member of the workforce to assume theRead MoreProfessional Profile: Nursing Essay1364 Words   |  6 Pagesname. She is 39 years old and has been a registered nurse for the last 15 years. Mary is married and has got two children aged 7 and 10 years old. She is a New Zealand European and was born in New Zealand. As a registered nurse Mary has been working in the ho spital setting and the rest home. All her working life so far was connected to the elderly care. Her current role is a hospital nurse in the geriatric recovery ward. Most of Mary’s work is basic nursing care for elderly people (65 years old andRead MoreRole Transition and Professional Nursing1569 Words   |  7 PagesTransition and Professional Nursing XXXX XXX University NUR/300 MSN RN February 09, 2010 Role Transition and Professional Nursing As the student nurse transitions from the role of a nursing student to the professional level of nursing, the licensed registered nurse shall perform only those nursing activities for which the RN has been prepared through basic education and those additional skills, which are obtained through subsequent nursing education and withinRead MoreBecoming A More Demanding Field Essay1336 Words   |  6 Pagescareers paths though out the country. Nursing a career that is continually expanding every day. The demand for nurses is a continually problem in today’s day since more people or the baby boomers are becoming older and needing more medical help. As nursing is becoming a more demanding field, nursing schools are becoming more competitive throughout the Country as well and unemployment of nurses is very low. Nurses are known to help people. Karen Mattern defines nursing as â€Å"a helping profession that focusesRead MoreStudent Confusion of Different Levels of Nursing Essay928 Words   |  4 PagesMany students who are studying to become a nurse may find the different levels of nursing to be confusing. As mentioned earlier, the definition of RN, LPN, and CNA themselves signify many differences. Additionally, there are different educational requirements for each. One can become a Certified Nursing Assistant or Aides after completing just a few weeks of lessons. Federal nurse aide training regularization are mandated in the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA 1987). These stateRead MoreDifference in Competencies Between Adn vs Bsn Essay988 Words   |  4 Pagesthe performance. The American Nurses Association defines a competency as â€Å"an expected level of performance that integrates knowledge skills, ability and judgment†. In these terms, the competency amon g ADN and BSN looks same, but there are some differences in various levels. In simple terms ADN is a â€Å"technical† nurse and BSN is a â€Å"professional† nurse. This difference is because ADN is trained mostly on clinical skills, while BSN training is focused on leadership, nursing research, management as well

The Functioning of Human Body

Question: Write an essay onthe functioning of human body. Answer: Right from a very young age, the functioning of human body has fascinated me. It is one of the best ways to understand the workings of life. It is my strong interest towards medical science that allows me to strive more towards medicine to make it the ultimate career option. I have always enjoyed taking up challenges while serving the society, and what more effective can it be other than being associated with public health welfare. Medicine may well be a tough career to choose, but it would also be extremely gratifying, as also being highlighted by medical professionals whom I have spoken to. I have already acquired a degree in MBBS from Bangladesh University. I have also taken specialization courses in Medical Microbiology from a reputed university in the United States. In order to expand my insight into this very field of medicine and receive some necessary work exposure, I worked with the Mitford Hospital at Dhaka, Bangladesh as a Medical Officer. It allowed me have real time exposure to the work field. I got the opportunity to interact with some of the experienced medical professionals while handling cases of birth control, material and child health, post natal and antenatal, TB, and Malaria issues. I dealt with both inpatients as well outpatients. Presently, I am planning to pursue a MD degree from a reputed university. In order to make a successful career in the medical industry in North America, a MD degree would be essential. It would also provide the necessary exposure to their medical system. My ardent love for medicine and aspiration to take up a medical career definitely reflected in my experiences and educational choices. Additionally, my self-motivated study skills, time management, and ability to handle pressure and stress ensure greater success in the industry. Strong interest in biology and chemistry definitely helps in strengthening my analytical skills while mathematics has helped in logical understanding and enhancing my problem solving skills. Thanks and regards -------------------------------- Mohammed W. Rahman

Speed Breakers free essay sample

I have always believed that life isn’t about the destination, but about the journey that leads up to it. After all, our lives all end the same way, but what we do during our lives is what makes us different. Obstacles help create the scenery in the flat journey of life. And those obstacles come in many forms: internal, external, small hurdles, or big mountains. Imagine a field. A soccer field. In the scorching tropical heat. There is no wind blowing and the dry, brown grass pricks through your socks. Imagine a soccer game commencing on that field. Now, take a moment to step into my cleats. Playing in an intense soccer game, when my team is two goals behind, I am motivated by the obstacle. As the other team shoves through, we hold like a wall. The passionate desire to win unites the team and drives us towards victory. We will write a custom essay sample on Speed Breakers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The game leads to a penalty shootout. One by one the players take shots at the goal: aiming the ball, visualizing it soar, and finally, succeeding in attaining that winning goal. The triumph is sweeter because we struggled for it. We didn’t give up and accept defeat. We played with our hearts in the game. We were connected, deeply, to the game. The victory was satiating because we craved it badly and pushed through the hurdle of the other team to embrace success. A sigh brings you back to the testing room. The testing room with seven students—each bubbling ferociously on the grid paper. Each filled with a desire to get a perfect score. Each filled with a desire to conquer the AP exam. Weeks later, I am eating breakfast when I see an envelope with my name on it. An envelope from CollegeBoard. Nervous butterflies, amongst other things, fluttering in my stomach, I gently tear it to see my scores. I am scared. I blink; opening my eyes slowly, I see my Fives and scream in v ictory. The small achievement, something I knew I could do, was intensified because of the waiting, because of the obstacle of the AP exam. And as my hands clutched the air, and my heart pounded with triumph, I was elated. As you peek from the curtain, you see the theater, filled with parents, teachers, students, and strangers. You grip your friend’s hand, muttering your lines to yourself. The music stops. The voices dwindle. The lights slowly intensify. You hear dialogue being enunciated from the guts. You hear your cue. You also feel like you will throw up and flail on stage: it is the opening night of the Spring Musical. I take a deep breath and enter as I hear my cue. Pretending to be calm, trying hard not to mess up, I get through the first scene. Hours later, I sit backstage, happy. The play is over and we received a standing ovation. The butterflies have calmed and the parasympathetic system is in charge now. As I relax and smile with confidence, I realize that the but terflies and the nervous tension within me made this a more memorable experience and a greater achievement. Had I not been so nervous, I wouldn’t appreciate the applause as much. Had I not been so scared, I wouldn’t have felt as great about doing well, about overcoming my internal obstacles. You feel the hot dust in your toes as you walk from the car to the gate. You recoil as you see rats, running around in the sewers, less than a foot away from three little children. There is filth covering almost every surface. Broken toys and furniture litter the courtyard. The tiles are cracked and there are ants and cockroaches marching out of them. A child runs by, holding a broken lighter. You are here to pick up the orphans, aged 2 6, for a crafts project. A knot forms in your throat as you see a baby in a stained pram, sucking the air. Crying. You think of the air-conditioned rooms at your house and school. You think of the refrigerator full of snacks, the store room full of supplies, the car you use, all the privileges you have because of where you were born. Not because of what you did to deserve it, but because of your parents. You wonder: will you ever make it on your own? Will you ever be able to provide for yourself? As you usher the kids, all dressed up in their best patched clothes and powdered faces, into the school cars, you realize that these aren’t the only kids in need. These aren’t even the worst cases. And that is the challenge. A global challenge: to eradicate poverty, to provide a better future, a blossoming future, for these children. We gather in the art room and sit around the shiny tables, making little dolls with these children. They are happy; they are excited. As the children eat the prepared snacks, we finish up the dolls, hoping to give them happy memories. Even though I know how the conditions are at the orphanage—even though I know that these children are exceptional, staying happy and cheerful with negl igible privileges—even though I know that they won’t have many opportunities, I hope that someday—someday these children will overcome life’s obstacles to realize their dreams, because the largest obstacles are the ones that give you the most satisfaction and most substantial rewards. The obstacles I face in life seem trivial when compared to such challenges. A taxing soccer game is hardly comparable to the daily challenges of such children. Yet, those are my hindrances to overcome and snags to iron out, my life to live. William Hastie said that â€Å"Difficulty need not foreshadow despair or defeat. Rather achievement can be all the more satisfying because of obstacles surmounted.† Will poverty one day be eradicated? Probably not, because poverty is relative, someone will always be poorer than someone else. Can we contribute towards making the underprivileged happy and give them a better future? Yes, of course we can. As part of four community ser vice projects involving such orphans or underprivileged children, I hope that I am contributing towards giving them a better future. These projects, encompassing teaching basic English, playing with them, and raising money and accumulating donations of toys, food, and other basic supplies, are a taster for what I hope to achieve. Someday I hope that I will be able to sustain this on a larger scale; one day I want to be able to run a network of orphanages and schools with good conditions. I want to be able to give these children a life where they won’t be undernourished and constrained by their situation: a life where they may not have more means, but they will have an education and a childhood. I hope that someday I will be able to give such children a brighter future. And I hope that the obstacles I face on my journey will only make my happiness greater on that day.