The primary stakeholders for this case

The primary stakeholders for this case are the investors, stock holders and other clients that are directly doing business with the company. Furthermore, secondary stakeholders can be the company’s employees and board members. Whatever decision the company’s controller takes, it will have a direct effect on these com/tesco-and-oxfam-stakeholders/">stakeholders. b. The president’s request regarding increasing the allowance for doubtful accounts from 2% to 4% poses some ethical dilemma for the company.As the controller of the company, the controller knows what is best for the company, thus, suggesting a 2% allowance for doubtful accounts guarantees that the company will be, at least, achieve its target growth rate. However, the president wants the company to play safe, thus, suggesting an increase in allowance. Even though the president has a good intention in his request, the fact that he is overestimating the allowance poses many possible effects for the company and for the stakeholders in the long run.The company and its stakeholders might be mislead by the impression that they are achieving their target growth rate when in fact, that percentage is lower compared to the actual target growth rate that the company should accomplish. In addition, the request posted by the president does not have any quantitative data to support the decision. This, in the long run may underestimate the potential of the company in terms of financial growth because the increase in allowance in turn, means an decrease in company income (Clausen 2009).c. The company’s controller should be concerned in the company growth rate because as the company’s employee, he is also a stakeholder of the company who can be affected if wrong decisions are implemented. His job of assuring the company’s stability will be affected if wrong estimations regarding financial activities will be followed. He as the controller should make sure first if the presidentâ €™s suggestion would be suitable for the company before implementing it.If the suggestion will pose unreasonable risk for the company, then the suggestion should be abandoned and other ways on securing the company’s growth rate should be done to still achieve the target results (Clausen 2009). ? Source: Clausen, James (2009). Accounting 101 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. Suite 101. com. Available at: http://accounting. suite101. com/article. cfm/accounting_101_allowance_for_doubtful_accounts

Wordsworth Language vs. Experience

Veronika Abkarian DWC 201 003 20 November 2012 William Wordsworth’s Language vs. Experience William Wordsworth, a major English Romantic poem, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature. This time period consisted of literature that had strong influences on romantic writers. The writers’ attitudes were different to the ordinary previous writers. Seventh and Eighteenth century writings were too difficult for the common person to understand. They were uncommon and had awkward and ornate structures.The following quote, â€Å"I have endeavored utterly to reject them [the formalized expressions of 17th and 18th century poetry] as a mechanical device of style† suggests Wordsworth’s view of the relationship between the language of his writing and the subjects, which are expressed throughout his works. He believes that language structure should not have set number of lines, rhyme schemes, or certain patterns of rhythm. Wordsworth wants to write about incidents and situations that occur in everyday life and describe them in language used by the average person, or a plain and empathic language.In Wordsworth’s belief, literature would no longer be mimetic and reflective but expressive. The readers of his works should use â€Å"gaudiness and inane phraseology†. He believes in making an emphasis of nature, not only physically but also human nature. He looks toward talking about humble and rustic life instead of focusing on royalty or the selfishness of having wealth. He believes that a language arising out of repeated experience and regular feelings is more permanent and more philosophical than that of the poets whom use fancy language to show off their writing style.The principles of Wordsworth pertain to his goal of helping readers understand complex emotional times when they have occurred. The common people are closer to finding the truth, a language closer to real true emotion and experience. Wordsworth feels as tho ugh he must address the sensations that are individual to the person at the time, but also bind us together. The relationship of the language he uses when expressing emotions and experience represent feelings in the spirit of the passions of men and are superior to fancy style writing. He is solely a poet for other men, or humanity.He believes strongly in brotherhood or a common sense of unity among humans. By writing poetry about the common people he emphasized them to be sentimentally equal, which represented his desire for equality amongst all mankind, a typical characteristic in the Romantic age of literature. Wordsworth’s language used in his poetry highlighted much about equality. He did not like to be known as better than those inferior to him. His position as a poet was solely a job to him that placed words full of emotion into the world. No matter lower or upper class, he saw the world as a whole.Hence why he wrote in the common language and to all types of people. I n his preface to â€Å"Lyrical Ballads† he explains that he choses these people because they are â€Å"being less under the influence of social vanity they convey their feelings and notions in simple and unelaborated expressions. † Wordsworth states that most poets’ styles of writing are based on an overflow of feelings; although it is similar for him it is quite different. He believes poetry should be a spontaneous overflow of emotion and that our thoughts are representations of our past feelings.When we reflect on these, we can discover what is truely important to men. One of Wordsworth’s main objectives that is incorporated into his language is aspiring to the ideals of the French Revolution- Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. The emotion must be reflected in tranquility and looked at from a distance, analyzed with intellect and reason as well as felt with passion. The ultimate goal is to help us understand complex emotions which when they occurred wer e too much for us to articulate. As mentioned above, his poetry carries on themes of liberty, equality, and fraternity.Principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity led Wordsworth and other romantics to romantic claims of nature and imagination. Wordsworth wrote about people, moments, and settings that represent freedom. In Cumberland Beggar, Wordsworth focuses on social classes being blend together. He writes about a beggar, a man of regular stature in society, and how he lives within nature. The beggar is very humble, and the people around him are very generous to him. The beggar is bent over and looks at the ground, this symbolizes a sort of uprising of emotion to the reader.As the beggar meets people he tends to enhance and bring out the goodness of people, which represents moments of humanity. A scene in this poem is when the boy is riding his bike and they share a sense of gentleness. Seeing the man softens the boy, and he soon realizes that he will be ancient one day. The b eggar is poor but rich in experience, gentleness, and wisdom. â€Å"No–man is dear to man; the poorest poor Long for some moments in a weary life When they can know and feel that they have been, Themselves, the fathers and the dealers-out Of some small blessings; have been kind to suchAs needed kindness, for this single cause, That we have all of us one human heart. † Old Cumberland Beggar This represents how Wordsworth’s language exemplifies the celebration of equality and freedom, stating that even the lowest among us have so much to offer. He states that even the poorest man give blessings. The most important message from this quote in his poem is â€Å"That we have all of us one human heart† because it clearly illustrates Wordsworth’s passion of equality and how poetry should erase boundaries between genders, classes, generations, and supremely, between human beings and the natural world.Wordsworth believes that spending time in nature is a gif t. This is from past experiences of his time spent in nature. In his future he keeps this in mind while he is alone, tired, and frustrated in a busy city. The beauty of his past experiences of nature will help him overcome his obstacles he is faced with in the future. When the beggar dies he is reunified in nature. Although he is alone, he is resting in peace on the green grassy field. Wordsworth’s use of the words raven, ostrich, clouds, sea-horse, and torrents in his poem, The Wandering Jew are examples of imagination and nature.In Tintern Abbey, the poet visits a church that he attended five years prior. In the poem he measures the differences, which in turn promotes universal thoughts. One who reads this poem is most likely to experience an emotional response to memories. Wordsworth is enjoying the memories but at the same time dealing with a sense of loss. As this is happening, the reader is deeply inside of their selves, trying to figure out the emotions of what they ha ve gained/lost. Wordsworth is sad because it is obvious that he cannot get the time or memories back.As a whole, we have all experienced this, which binds us all together and makes us equal. Wordsworth is recognized to be one of the most influential poets due to his poetry standing so apart from that of his ancestors. Romantics will celebrate the subject the individual, each has an imagination but each ones’ imagination leads us to different visions. There is emphasis on spiritual awareness, which is accessible to everyone. Our emotions serve as loss and sadness from an earlier stage in our life. Wordsworth’s views on his language and subject matter helped structure the face of modern-day poetry.

Compare and Contrast Sherman Alexie and Frederick Douglass

Different Worlds Same Struggle Sherman Alexie and Frederick Douglass both grew up in different time periods, in different environments, and ultimately in different worlds. They both faced different struggles and had different successes, but in the end they weren’t really all that different. Although they grew up in different times they both had the same views on the importance of an education. They both saw education as freedom and as a sense of self-worth and though they achieved their education in different ways they both had a strong will and a strong sense of self-motivation.Frederick Douglass and Sherman Alexie both grew up in different times and environments. Frederick Douglass was born in 1818 and was raised on a plantation as a slave, Alexie was born in 1966 and was raised on an Indian reservation, but being raised in different worlds didn’t make either of their struggles any different or easier than the others. They both faced judgment and discrimination agains t their races. Due to their different races they were both considered stupid, illiterate, and were thought to doing nothing with their lives besides working on a plantation or becoming an alcoholic and drug addict.Getting out of those types of environments and doing better things than what they were thought to do was just one of the many things that motivated them into getting an education. Both men had different ways of achieving their education. Sherman Alexie had Superman, his dad, as a guide for him. Alexie watched his dad do better for himself and his family than what a typical Indian was supposed to do. Watching his father read and educate himself was Alexie’s initial motivation for him to want to get his education.Frederick Douglass was one step ahead of Alexie in the fact that he had street smarts. Douglass self-educated himself, he had no one to look up to or to help him. Douglass essentially used the system to gain his education. He not only tricked white boys into teaching him how to spell and write, but he also used his own master’s, who did not want him to have an education in the first place, tools to help him get an education. In ways Douglass was already very smart and had already beaten the system that put him down. No matter the ifferent ways of obtaining their education or the different environments they grew up in, both men wanted the freedom that education offered them and had the same self-motivation to get it. Education was the key to their freedom, and not just physical freedom but mental freedom. With their education they were able to escape and unlock the chains of judgments that held them back and were able to give them a sense of self-worth. People listened to them and cared what they had to say and they became strong men of education.Alexie mentioned his father as being his Superman, but the true Supermen are him and Douglass. No one gave them the self-motivation to get an education they did it on their own. No one co uld force them into wanting to do better for themselves, they had to want it for their selves and they did. Alexi and Douglass were different but similar in so many ways. They both grew up in very different times, but faced all the same hardships. The both achieved things in different ways but they both made the same types of differences for their lives and did better for themselves.They showed people that no matter what you may grow up with or deal with in life, you can make a difference for yourself. Be your own Superman like Douglass and Alexie. No one handed them the key to unlock their success they did that on their own, and they taught people they could only do that for themselves. They obtained self-worth and freedom by their motivation for education, and they are people to look up to today. Dear Professor Smith, I think my writing has become better as I have moved along through your class. I was surprised on how much more comfortable I was with my writing.I really enjoyed wr iting about this topic; I thought it was very interesting. I felt pretty good about my topic paragraphs. TEAL has helped me a lot, and I tried my best to incorporate TEAL in my writing of this paper. I also really enjoyed the links for the websites that you posted on blackboard; I made good use of those and thought they defiantly helped me out with writing this paper. The most frustrating part of my paper was my thesis. I have trouble trying to make a specific, non-obvious, and debatable thesis. I try hard to make a argumentative thesis, but I have a lot of trouble with that.For this essay I was trying to use the point-by-point method that you had shown us. I liked how that method worked and thought it was pretty easy. I felt as though I did good using the point-by-point method and thought it helped to keep my paper from jumping around everywhere. I would defiantly like insight on my thesis because I mostly had trouble with that. Putting all three of those elements into a thesis is really messing me up because I have never had to do that before. Any insight you can give on my paper would be great, I want to continue to keep improving with my writing. Thank you, Katie Holt

Seventeenth of October in Argentina Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Seventeenth of October in Argentina - Essay Example According to Foss (33), an earthquake damaged a greater part of San Juan’s city of Andrean. More than seven thousand individuals perished and more than twelve thousand others injured. Using his secretariat of labor & social welfare, Peron managed to organize a countrywide assistance for the victims and managed to resources through well-known leading celebrities. Eva Duarte was in the midst of them and helped to mobilize resources to help the needy.Lewis (485) also said, a great party at Luna Park held with the intention of helping the victims of earthquake on January 22. It is at the event that Eva Duarte and Colonel Peron began an association, publicly confirmed; at a social event at colon opera house on July 9, to make merry of the independence day of Argentina. A few days followed and General Farrell assumed presidency on March 11 when Ramirez resigned. At this point Peron became the vice-president as he retained his title of being the departmental head of the secretariat o f labor & social welfare coupled with the recent job he had got as the minister of war. According to Martinez (379), Peron had become a respectable individual in the new military government, although it was the most exasperating as far as the opposition was concerned. Eva’s existence and the position that Peron had given her presented another intention; this time his personal equals would make an attempt at it. If Peron was aggressive, the woman at his part even more aggressive.She had made her mind to stand besides her man and not behind him.

Contrast Mackays Tulip Bulb story with the US housing market of the Essay

Contrast Mackays Tulip Bulb story with the US housing market of the past 45 years - Essay Example The recent credit crunch bothering the US economy in particular and the world economies in general, unleashed by subprime mortgages amply reveals the susceptibility of markets to speculative fads and misinformed human avarice and greed. In the given context, Mackay's 'Tulip Bulb' story published in his book 'Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds' seems to be highly relevant. Infact the given narrative is a crystal clear example of a debilitating dichotomy between the prices of a coveted asset and the market fundamentals (Garber 14). The story is based in the year 1559, when the tulip bulbs became a priced commodity in Holland. Infact tulip bulbs were widely traded in the local market exchanges and the people went to the extent of stretching their speculative propensities far beyond their means and started investing in the tulips bulbs that sometimes fetched a price as high as 2,000 guilders. This obsessive herd mentality was totally oblivious of the pragmatic market realities and was solely driven by mass instinct (Peers 29). Eventually, in February 1637, the tulip bubble busted and brought the Dutch economy down to its knees. The story being discussed certainly draws one's attention to the housing and real state bubble that dominated the US economy in the last five years.

Inflation and Its Major Causes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Inflation and Its Major Causes - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that the effects of inflation are faced by everyone in the economy. The producers of the goods and services increase their productivities to earning the more profits in the situation of higher prices. The situation also creates an inequality in the society, as the poor become poorer and rich become richer.   It not only affects the economy internally but also disturbs the balance of trades and the exchange rates of money. The situation of demand-pull inflation arises in the results of the increase in the aggregate demand, but the supply remains same in the markets. So the prices rise, and the situation of inflation occurs. If the costs of the production rise in the market, then the prices of factors of productions also increase. Increase in costs of productions results in the rise of goods and services prices in the public markets. To solve the issue of inflation, the government has to introduce new strategies of fiscal as well as monetary policies. Through t hese policies, the profits of savings are increased in the banks, and then the people save more for profits. A rate of interests is also fixed at the low ratio, so the investors start new businesses to maintain the level of demand and supply in the market.

Nike Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nike Inc - Essay Example According to the report in terms of behavioral segmentation, the product is target to the loyal customers. The product is priced at $149, which makes the product a luxury product. The product would therefore not greatly appeal to the price sensitive consumers and they may look for the same product offered by cheaper brands. Since the product is more of a luxury than a necessity, the price sensitive consumer would be generally not attracted towards the product.This paper discusses that  product development strategy is best suited. This is because the product is new, with a few modifications from the first generation Fuel Band but the market remains the same. With this product, Nike is and should continue to target its existing consumers which are sports loving people who live and enjoy an active lifestyle. They are mostly high-end sophisticated consumers to frequently and even occasionally consume luxury products such as the Fuel Band.  In terms of the environmental uncertainty Ma trix, the product is positioned as high uncertainty. Products positioned in this area of uncertainty have the following characteristics: dynamic and unpredictable market; involves many components; requires high skills and knowledge.   Since the Nike Fuel Band fits in all these areas, it faces high uncertainty in the market.  In terms of competition, the company faces competition from mainly three other products: Jawbone UP, Fitbit Flex and Basis.... This is because the product is new, with a few modifications from the first generation Fuel Band but the market remains the same (Kelion, 2013). With this product, Nike is and should continue to target its existing consumers which are sports loving people who live and enjoy an active lifestyle. They are mostly high-end sophisticated consumers to frequently and even occasionally consume luxury products such as the Fuel Band (Sherman, 2013). The product, Fuel Band, in this case is a relatively new product. Nike had released the first generation of Fuel Band in the beginning of 2012 but a more modified version was developed in the end of 2012 known as the Nike + Fuelband (Nike Inc., 2012). Environmental Uncertainty In terms of the environmental uncertainty Matrix, the product is positioned as high uncertainty. Products positioned in this area of uncertainty have the following characteristics: dynamic and unpredictable market; involves many components; requires high skills and knowledge. Since the Nike Fuel Band fits in all these areas, it faces high uncertainty in the market (Robbins and Coutler, 2007). Competitor analysis In terms of competition, the company faces competition from mainly three other products: Jawbone UP, Fitbit Flex and Basis. A general comparison of the features of these products is shown below: Feature Fuel Band Jawbone Fitbit Flex Basis Price 149 130 100 200 Battery Time (in Days) 1-4 10 5 4 Compatible Applications 3 10 27 0 Blue Tooth Yes No Yes Yes Water Proof No No No No Water Resistant Yes Yes Yes Yes Unique Features Calories, Time, Steps, Nike Fuel and Daily Progress Vibrating Alarm Vibrating Alarm Pulse, Sweat and Temperature Compatible With iOS and Web iOS and Andriod iOS,

Relationship of US with China during Cold War Research Paper

Relationship of US with China during Cold War - Research Paper Example However, there were regional wars and civil wars in some parts of the world including China, Vietnam, Korea and even Afghanistan (Sinha 8-11). The entire Cold War period was therefore plainly dominated by international affairs. The history of US relations with China can be traced back to the time during the Second World War and after the Second World War. During the Second World War, the U.S government helped China win a war against Japan in 1937 when Japan first invaded the Chinese territories bordering the coast. This was the beginning of a relationship between the two states. Japan invasions on China did not stop even after the war of 1937; Japan still continued to attack the Chinese territories along the Coast. The American president at the time-Roosevelt further pitied China and what its citizens were being subjected to by the Japanese and decide to offer more military aid (Jonathan 412). Something that really annoyed the Japanese and provoked them to launch an attack first on a British vessel ferrying American citizens and later on Pearl Harbor- United Sates Territory of Hawaii on December 7th 1941. This forced America to retaliate with full force and signified the entry of America in the Second Worl d War. Despite the financial support and military aid to China during and after the World War Two, the Chinese leader of the time-Chiang never liked the Americans. In fact he remained quite suspicious of their motives and interests in his country (Jonathan 413). At this time, even though the Chinese leaders had allowed Americans in China, the two nations differed significantly on ideological grounds. With American continued spread of democracy in different parts Asia, China advocated for nationalism, Chiang himself openly claimed that the ideology of democracy was practically impossible in China and went on to even introduce a ban on democracy in China (Jonathan 415). In a different

Business and economy of contemporary china Essay

Business and economy of contemporary china - Essay Example During the 1950s to 1970s, the government seemed to be in control of the matter but in the early 80s, there was an increase in the number of missing women. Moreover, most institutions and government bodies linked this with the introduction of the one-child policy that is still there today. Naturally, the implementation of this initiative is an effort to control the increased population growth. People that get more than one-child face the set penalties of reduced salaries and limited access to social facilities; however, this takes place after the children are born. In the 1980s, the one-child policy did not work of well because the ratio of male to female was not proportionate leading to the allowance of a second child for families that lived in rural areas. However, this was only if the first-born child was a girl. The government supported this policy for a while but in the late 1990’s the World Health Organization intervened due to a significant number of missing women because of abandonment (Lehmann 2013). Generally, the current abandonment of girls and disabled children has its history with the only difference being the causes and implications for the different periods (Milson 2014). All the same, it has a been an economic and social problem for over fifty years and the different tactics implemented to counter this always end up failing. Significantly, China is in record for having the biggest imbalance between men and women in its population because of the abandonment of infant females that fairly contributes to the increased mortality rate. On the other hand, there are more men in China than any other state in the world, creating more gender issues for the nation. Some of the implications of female and disabled children abandonment include the popular abduction and slave trade market (Young 2014). Today, people refer to the different venues as

Models of Judicial Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Models of Judicial Review - Assignment Example Additionally, it also involves reviewing an administrative regulation to attain consistency for measuring the effectiveness of a Constitution, statute, or a treaty. Consequently, under the US Constitution, the judicial review lacks explicit powers of reviewing any of the above provisions. Instead, in the US, the judicial review operates through making of inferences of provisions, structure, and history guiding the Constitution. It implies that in a diffuse model, common procedural rules evaluate the constitutionality guiding administrative measures and statutes (Elliot, 2001). Likewise, decisions are mainly within inter parties from the highest to the lowest courts. In other words, most court decisions are deemed retroactive as a rule if there is an unconstitutionality of statutes and this is accompanied with consequences. According to legal experts, the diffuse model of judicial review finds applicability in most countries because of its flexibility and fluidity when approaching sen sitive matters touching on the Constitution. Diffuse model of judicial review differs with the concentrated model of review in varying patterns as interpreted by the law. For example, while diffuse model originates from America, its counterpart is largely Austrian or Europeans (Forsyth, 2000). Similarly, while the concentrated model reviews the constitutionality of statues mostly found in special proceedings, diffuse model is general and is specifically concerned with administrative measures. Contrastingly, unlike the concentrated model that is less widespread because of its limited review functions, the diffuse model is more widespread because it tackles several reviews of the constitutionality. However, both explore the constitutionality of treaties and laws in their respective countries of application. Constitutional review falls into four broad categories of systems. There is the American or diffuse model that uses common

Research Balfour Beatty plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Balfour Beatty plc - Essay Example In the year 2002,civil engineering accounted for almost 38%, building services 35,and rail engineering 27% of the total profits acquired by the organization. (Corporate Watch, 2006) Balfour Beatty, founded by George Balfour and Andrew Beatty, mechanical engineer and a charted accountant by professions respectively was initially into making streetcar lines. However, the world war –II brought the construction of streetcar lines to a halt and brought about a stalemate situation in the company. A landmark decision was taken at that point of time to expand into the civil construction arena. Balfour Beatty also played an instrumental role in the early 1920s in managing various power corporations across Great Britain into construction of a common â€Å"grid† in Britain. Balfour Beatty was acquired by BICC, a cabling company in the year 1969.Balfour Beatty was a subsidiary and accounted for more than half of BICC’s revenues. In 1999, BICC’s cabling operations were at a sagging low and the company decided to divest their cable operations. In the year 2000, BICC changed its name to Balfour Beatty plc.

Managers Function, Skills and Role Essay Example for Free

Managers Function, Skills and Role Essay

A Study Of The Political Theories Of Cicero Politics Essay

A Study Of The Political Theories Of Cicero Politics Essay Marcus Tullius Cicero, a Roman philosopher, political theorist, politician and statesman lived from 106 to 43 BC. In modern scholarship, Cicero is thought to be one of the most engaging of the Roman philosophers, and was responsible for introducing the chief Greek schools of philosophy to Rome, even though at the time he was more focused on his own political career. Cicero wrote a great deal about customs, rights, law, and society, so it is natural that his works included a lineage from Greece on the subject of honesty and ethics. Cicero believed that in order to have a true friendship with someone one must have complete honesty, truth and trust. This honesty was extended not only to personal friends, but to society in general, since that forms the basic template for the individual to actualize. Also, friends do things for each other without expectation of repayment. An individual has a responsibility, in fact, to help friends maintain the correct and moral path. Since evil is define d as ignorance, to maintain friendship it is necessary to rebuke ignorance and be honest (If a friend is about to do something wrong, one should not compromise ones morals. One should explain what is wrong about the action, and help ones friend understand what is right, because Cicero believed that ignorance is the cause of evil. Finally, friendships come to an end because one person in the friendship becomes evil, or dishonest. Similarly, without abject faith in honesty, society cannot exist. The Ancient Greeks argued over the needs of the individual as opposed to the needs of the State (Athens, for example); and throughout history generals and heads of state have had to balance out the ends versus the means of attainment. The concept even made it to the motion picture screen and was given a popular treatment in the science fiction movies Star Trek 2 and 3.  [1]  At the center of this debate is the notion that many remain dissatisfied with the definition of good or appropriate being at the whim of a particular social order, or ruling elite. This concept continued within the philosophical debate through Aquinas, Locke, and Kant. Hobbes and Locke differed, and put forth the notion that there were natural rights, or states of nature, but disagreed on the controlling factors of those natural tendencies. Kant took this further, reacting, and argued that a state or society must be organized by the way laws and justice was universally true, available, and, most importantly, justified by humanity. Yet, for Kant, these laws should respect the equality, freedom, and autonomy of the citizens. In this way Kant, prescribed that basic rights were necessary for civil society, and becomes a rubric by which we may understand modern utilitarian principles and their interdependence with the concept of human rights. In general, utilitarianism is an ethical system most often attributed to John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, both 19th century social philosophers commenting on conditions arising from the Industrial Revolution. Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical thing one can do is any action that will maximize the happiness within an organization or society. Actions have quantitative outcomes and the ethical choices that lead to the greatest good for the greatest number are the appropriate decisions, even if that means subsuming the rights of certain individuals. It is considered to be a consequential outlook in the sense that while outcomes cannot be predicted the judgment of an action is based on the outcome or, the ends justify the means. Deontology is similar, arguing that there are norms and truths that are universal for all humans; actions then have a predisposition to right or wrong, moral or immoral. Kant believed that humans should act, at all times, as if their individual action s would have consequences for all of society. Morality, then, is based on rational thought and is the direction most humans innately want. Roughly, deontology is the means justify the ends. A classic illustration comparing the two ideas has you as a Police Captain managing a situation in which a sniper is shooting individuals who pass by a busy downtown square, apparently at random. The police have cornered the shooter and have their own sharpshooters ready for a kill shot. However, the shooter grabbed a child and is using her as a human shield. Do you authorize your own snipers to take a shot, knowing there is a chance of killing the child; or wait and risk the shooter killing more pedestrians? Certainly, the human shield did not wish to die, but then neither did the hundreds of potential victims on the street and in office buildings surrounding the shooter. If you take a utilitarian approach you give the order to shoot and hope the child is missed if you take the deontological approach you hold that childs one life in the same reverence as the publics good. Obviously, neither answer is completely right nor wrong but situationally dependent, which would be anathema to both Kant and Mill, who saw the world in much clearer terms. What if, for instance, the child will grow up to discover the cure for cancer and thus save millions of people? However, what if the person who might be the next President and develop a global peace accord is in the building across from the shooter giving a presentation and is randomly shot? Too, what if a future megalomaniac is shot during this exchange, thus preventing pain and suffering at some future date? Thus, morality and ethics are not always right or wrong. While there are some agreed upon moral duties we share as humans and should follow in order to preserve a working society, so too are there times which require us to act extraordinarily to save or enhance lives. The key, as it has been since Ancient Greece, is to have the intellectual and moral toolbox with which to make such a decision.

The Organizational Theories of Max Weber

The Organizational Theories of Max Weber Bureaucracy is a distinct concept within organizational settings since it exemplifies a working organizational design as per the ideologies of Max Weber. The principles of bureaucracy derive their basis from the organizational practices and theory. It is thus noted that Weber deduced that bureaucratic organizations conformed to streamlined organizational practices and constructs that improved productivity and efficiency. Diverse factors contributed to efficiency and productivity thus a rational career structure that typifies relations among positions. It is equally noted that such positions are arranged in reference to hierarchy thus according rights, responsibilities to the position within the hierarchy. It is noted that Weber stressed that current bureaucracies need to be managed in accordance to the stipulated rules, procedures and policies that can be learnt. Furthermore, a need arises to record events and transactions so that corrective measures can be initiated. In as much as t he current understanding of bureaucracy differs from Webers ideologies, it is crucial to exemplify its ideal characteristics, the roles of power and authority, the models weaknesses and potency. Bureaucracy as per the ideologies of Weber is characterized by specification of jobs consequently illuminating scope of authority, rights and responsibilities. It is crucial to understand the concept of job specification within the constraints of organizational theory since it highlights the strategies required to satisfactorily complete a task. Arguments by technocrats posit that specification of jobs accords a worker the right to engage in practices within the organization thus attaining stipulated objectives. It is also argued that Weber shunned the operational and tactical levels of an organization consequently focusing on the managerial levels thus limiting specialization (Du Gay, 2000). Authority is a distinct concept that exemplifies bureaucracy, it is thus crucial to deduce this concept by analysis of theoretical constructs and literature. First, authority is widely deduced as the legitimate use of power within the constraints of an organization. Such an organization needs to be defined by rules that enhance appropriate relations. Secondly, authority is derived from a position within an organization and not a person. Assumptions made indicate that for a person to reach a position of authority he or she must be subjected to scrutiny. This is with reference to seniority and skills; furthermore, this process should be conducted in a legitimate and organizational based manner. This will consolidate the position consequently making it simple to exercise authority. Another assumption pertaining to authority is that an individual may lose his or her authority, upon deviation from the norms established within an organization (Clegg, Kornberger Pitsis, 2008). This is part of the discipline process and adherence to the stipulated policies, laws and regulations. As illustrated in popular literature, power and authority assumes a personal dimension. This contradicts Webers ideologies on bureaucracy (Daft, 2007). Organizations are consequently urged to strive to enhance legitimate authority controlled by respect for personnel rights and responsibilities. Centralization is a key bureaucratic concept that needs to be explored by drawing reference to the organizational theory. This highlights the organizational level constructs which are cogent and indispensable for a functional bureaucracy. In order to explore this concept further, it is crucial to hypothesize the degree of specialization since it emphasizes distinct roles played by organizational members; thus, centralization refers to the extent to which such roles are correlated. This is by relations that draw their functionality from a familiar central position or set of positions with the ability to issue commands. Organizational theory and literature affirm that the degrees of centralization in organizations are different. This means that some organizations are more centralized thus they have a single center of command through which all decisions pass. This characterizes a typical bureaucracy thus indicating that possible deviations from this concept lack the spirit and letter of Webers ideologies. A key concept pertaining to centralization indicates that growth in bureaucracy is commensurate to increase in the level of centralization. However, when the level of centralization in an organization is high then the ability to communicate among the members is significantly diminished. This is because other aspects of the bureaucratic organizational design such as formalization and specialization are increasingly manifested (Clegg, Kornberger Pitsis, 2008). Additional key arguments pertaining to centralization indicate that large organizations with departments responsible for definite processes are habitually accorded the opportunity to make their own decisions. This means that when organizations become increasingly large, they decentralize in order to enhance competence and productivity. The classical theory provides insight thus comprehending the concept of centralization through reconciliation of the contrary requisites of centralization and decentralization to attain flexibility in the functioning of different constituents of an organization. Several theories and practices as pertains to public administration equally illuminate the concept of centralization. First, it is a move based on increased administrative competency consequently empowering leaders to engage in elaborate decision-making exercises. Secondly, centralization in the public sector is based on the need to provide uniform services to the people. This becomes simpler when the power to make decisions is with a well-defined position (Denhardt, 2007). Rules within the bureaucratic model constitute the formalization process. These are exemplified by processes or procedures that exemplify the goals and objectives of an organization. These rules are derived from written manuals, policy documents or job descriptions that indicate the rights, as well as the duties of personnel. The classical theory indicates that organizations that are more developed rely, on formal structures such as policies and rules, to achieve discipline and concerted efforts. This is because decision making authorities are unlikely to maintain discipline and control through observing the actions of employees. Furthermore, such actions will only result to conflicts and diminished levels of understanding. It is worth mentioning that Webers ideologies on rules are best exemplified when they are formally coded. The rules that specify tasks need to be distinct and specific; furthermore, they need to be achieved by formal categories of personnel who are qualified and c omprehend the nature of the tasks. Hierarchy is an important constituent of bureaucracy since it supports other organizational attributes such as specialization and centralization. Weber highlights a key constituent of hierarchy, which entails span of control and reporting process. This means that there should be a clear illustration of which leader or manager reports to whom. This enhances unity of command or direction consequently exemplifying the principles of management as fronted by Fayol (Daft, 2007). At this point, it is interesting to note that the characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy are related to the aspects fronted by Fayol with regards to the principles of management. In the event that spans of control are diminished thus the employees reporting to a supervisor are few then the hierarchy assumes a tall stature; furthermore, the vice versa is equally true. A key definitive principle of hierarchy indicates that it is an aspect of complex systems, which are likely to evolve rapidly when stable intermediar y forms are exemplified (Morgan, 1995). Diverse positions within a hierarchy require different qualifications; thus, the need to adopt a clear career structure. This means that personnel can only be promoted on the basis of seniority or distinguished performance within the organization. This will enhance the level of respect for the hierarchy within the organization. It is not forgotten that positions in a hierarchy are paid differently since they carry out different functions and roles. Supervision of personnel is a key concept in bureaucracy since it enhances growth of organizations. The process ensures that personnel act in accordance with the knowledge descriptions that exemplify their roles. Supervision as per the administrative theory fronted by Fayol enhances adherence to rules and technical specifications. It is crucial to highlight that supervision draws recognition for the hierarchy within an organization together with the sources of power. Grey and Willmott indicate that organizational supervision is the key to governance within an institution (Grey and Willmott, 2005). In order to accord the supervision process increased influence, it is crucial to train employees on requirements so that the supervision process does not seem like a learning process. Supervision and training reduces the problems that are associated with specialization within an organization thus the need to ensure they are included in organizational processes (Clegg, Kornberger Pitsis, 2008). Power and authority play distinct roles within an organization as exemplified by the bureaucracy model. It is notable that the cornerstone of any organization that enables it achieves its goals and objectives are the people. This means that power and authority focus on enhancing relations among people. This concept is further exemplified by the argument, which states that loyalty in an organization is directed towards a position and not personalities. This culminates in the impersonality of relations thus focusing on objectives and roles. An additional argument indicates that exercising power and authority in reference to Webers principles means that rules, directives, and discretion are applied uniformly (Daft, 2007). This is concerning definite situations in organizational settings. In the end, this positively influences organizational practices thus facilitating growth. Secondly, power and authority is instrumental in enhancing communication within an organization (Daft, 2007). This is concerning communication theories within organizations, which highlights that top leaders usually surround themselves with loyal executives. This is to stay in touch with events taking place within organizations. It is further acknowledged that authority makes it simple to issue directives to this effect. Furthermore, authority and power makes it simple to build alliances since it enhances unity in direction. Consider the following hypothesis; a management team that supports a leaders decisions and policies contribute to the alliance building within an organization. This ideology works in a reverse direction since lower-level managers can exercise greater authority. This enhances building alliances especially when they relate positively with their superiors. Empowerment is a theory explored within the organizational setting that differs significantly from Webers ideologies; however, technocrats argue that it exemplifies bureaucracy in light of the changing organizational environment. It entails pushing power and authority down the organization to enable the lower-level managers to achieve their target. This eventually contributes to the attainment of organizational goals and objectives (Daft, 2007). Power and authority in this scenario aids in the sharing of responsibilities and delegation of roles. In order to attain significant empowerment levels in an organization, it is crucial that, employees receive information concerning the performance of an organization. Secondly, employees need to draw sufficient power to make decisions (Daft, 2007). Thirdly, employees need to have abilities and skills to make use of the power accorded to them. Resource dependence as a theory exemplified during the 1970s exemplifies the role of power and authority in an organization (Clegg, Kornberger Pitsis, 2008). It states that these aspects define the organizational structure by highlighting organizational considerations. This theory departs from the traditional explanations that expound the formal structure. It is noted that this status is achieved when power and authority are utilized to maintain organizational autonomy. This eventually makes an organization stand out, upon comparison to other entities in the society. Power and authority necessitates a shift from productivity and efficiency as the sole determinants of the success of an organization. It exemplifies the fact that efficiency can only be attained when relevant entities exercise power so as to achieve control and command. It is thus reinstated that power and authority exemplifies an organizations structure making it distinct. This makes it stand out in the market, a facto r that contributes to success and proper positioning. It has been fronted within organizational settings that Fayols theory with regard to management functions can only be attained when power and authority are exercised with reference to bureaucracy. It is necessary to mention the management functions which include planning and control; furthermore, organizing and leading are equally crucial. These functions can only be attained when a leader, executive or related personnel within an organization can exercise authority consequently wielding substantive power. The strengths of organizations that are aligned to bureaucracy are best illustrated by the specialization of tasks. Literature indicates that this enables employees to gather skills on a particular activity within an organization consequently doing it well, upon comparison to job rotation which culminates in diminished specialization levels. It is thus noted that this model augments the efficiency with which tasks are handled in an organization. It is necessary to illustrate the Japanese theory of management, which advocates for job rotation and its effects on an organization (Grey and Willmott, 2005). This can be summarized as lack of specialization such that tasks are accomplished by persons who lack refined knowledge. It is further noted that Webers ideologies on specialization can be equated to Fayols administrative theory. The second strength of bureaucracy is exemplified by the principle of a well-defined career structure. This means that promotion to a senior level or position within a hierarchy is attained on the basis of seniority or attaining the relevant qualifications. It is affirmed that this accords legitimacy to the authority and power wielded by positions within an organization (Grey and Willmott, 2005). Thirdly, bureaucracy allows for the incorporation rules and procedures that guide the actions of employees within an organization. These rules equally stipulate the rights of such employees. This ultimately reduces the need for supervision by observing employees and deducing changes in their performance and attitude. Literature analyzed from organizations such as the UPS, in US indicates that formalization thus initiation of rules and procedures positively influences other processes (Daft, 2007). These processes include specialization and standardization; furthermore, discipline in an organi zation is wholly dependent on the ability to focus on formalization. Finally, bureaucracy propagates hierarchy consequently contributing to respect and adherence to the concepts of scalar chain as exemplified by Fayol. However, Weber failed to forecast a circumstance when a junior person within the hierarchy may need to contact a higher authority, upon notification of his or her immediate boss. This means that scalar chain as exemplified by Weber draws its foundation from hierarchy (Castells, 1996). The benefits of the hierarchy are illustrated exercising power and authority. The weaknesses associated with the bureaucratic model are numerous; however, the most significant entails focusing on the rational and instrumental aspects of human beings. It thus forgets that emotions and societal aspects also affect an organization. This model fails to address moral personality as a determinant of the success of an organization. It is worth mentioning that such a weakness is addressed later in history by Elton Mayo, as exemplified by the human relations theory. This deduces that an organization needs to exist as a technical, social, and economic entity consequently addressing the needs that come with such a position. Secondly, bureaucracy poses a challenge when it comes to the ethical comportment of an organization (Du Gay, 2000). Weber illustrates that this model is a manifestation of ethics since personal capacities are exemplified. However, counter arguments indicate that focusing on leaders and managers consequently forgetting the tactical level amounts to unethical practice. Thirdly, bureaucracy is associated with difficulty in making decisions and executing strategies. This is in light of competitive pressure from an organizations external environment and quality management. Furthermore, increase in the knowledge based roles indicates that decisions need to be made swiftly. This calls for decentralization with the aim of empowering teams and groups so that they can engage in decision-making processes. Consider the following argument that exemplifies the concept mentioned above. Swift decision-making, managing eminence at the point of production and provision of services at the location of customers means that decisions must be made at the lower-levels of an organization (Clegg, Kornberger Pitsis, 2008). These ideologies depart from the principles highlighted by Weber thus highlighting a weakness. Lastly, bureaucracy is cumbersome when poorly executed. Consider General Motors bureaucracy, which is faulted for its inefficiency and diminished productivity. The regional managers indicate that it is impossible to run their branches when directives come from headquarters. These managers have to wait for a long time to receive authorization thus influencing the process (Daft, 2007). Weber visualized an efficient organization that is capable of meeting its objectives through adhering to the concepts of bureaucracy. In conclusion, Webers ideologies focused on a structure of authority that enhances order within an organization. He thus indicates that the model values accountability, precision, reliability and productivity. However, bureaucracy is currently mistaken for officialdom and circumstances associated with red tape. It is noted that organizations currently employing bureaucratic strategies are embroiled in organizational inefficiencies. This is partly attributed to the fusion of this model with unrelated practices. The success of this model is dependent on the effectiveness with which power and authority are exercised in diverse organizational circumstances.

Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay -- essays research papers

Their Eyes Were Watching God Analytical Essay One of the most fascinating and unique novels in African American literature is Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston, not so much for it's story but for it's beautifully written language. The novel is about the main character, Janie, trying to find herself and the meaning of love. Both Standard English and a southern black dialect, and poetry are seamlessly integrated into the story which reveals symbols and hidden meanings. "She was stretched on her back beneath the pear tree soaking in the alto chant of the visiting bees, the gold of the sun and the panting breath of the breeze when the inaudible voice of it all came to her. She saw a dust-bearing bee sink into the sanctum of a bloom; the thousand sister-calyxes arch to meet the love embrace and the ecstatic shiver of the tree from the root to tiniest branch creaming in every blossom and frothing with delight. So this was a marriage! She had been summoned to behold a revelation. Then Janie felt a pain remorseless sweet that left her limp and languid."(writes Hurston, 10). This quote shows how young Janie came to the realization of her sexuality as she masturbated under a pear tree. The pear tree represented her sexual desires. Janie soon found herself fond of the opposite sex, as explained by the following quote: 'Through pollinated air she saw a glorious being coming up the road. In her fo...

Personal Narrative: My Experience in AP US History Essay -- Narrative

â€Å"Your final exam will be in three parts: multiple choice, primary source analysis, and three major essays. I won’t be allowed within 2 miles of you when you take the exam.† The words of Mr. F, my AP US History teacher, reverberated between my ear drums. He either didn’t notice or didn’t seem to care: â€Å"The AP US History exam will be on a Saturday in mid May. It’s graded on a scale of 0 to 5. Zero being the lowest possible score, 5 being the highest.† A student in the front row raises her hand, interrupting our baptism by fire. Mr. F motions for her to speak. â€Å"Are you related to Stephen King?† I didn’t realize it at the time (because let’s face it, I didn’t voluntarily read anything that wasn’t a motorcycle magazine until my senior year of high school) but Mr. F bore an uncanny resemblance to the best selling suspense author. Even their eyeglasses were similar. â€Å"He’s my cousin.† the teacher nodded, pausing to recollect his thoughts. â€Å"The test is pretty simple, but it’s probably more difficult than anything you’ve taken before.† I had yet to learn the eccentricities of the oxymoron, but that fact didn’t hinder Mr. F as he grinned slyly while he mouthed the previous statement. â€Å"The Regents exams have 4 possible answers. The AP has 5, and they’re usually more difficult to discriminate between. The primary source section will be basically the same thing you run into on Regents Part 2s: political cartoons or other documents accompanied by a set of questions. The essays are probably going to be the biggest hurdle for you. You are required to write three instead of the usual one or two on a Regents exam. Like the Regents, you will be given a limited choice between essay topics to write on, and at least one of the essays will probably... ... feedback, he had to show me what the AP would think of my essay. Mr. F wasn’t flawed. The whole process was - pardon the shamelessly obvious pun - flawed (you had to see that coming since the first 2 lines of the paper). Especially after having read Peter Elbow’s book on the teacherless writing class, thinking about that year of AP US History is absolutely appalling. The whole writing process was turned on its head. It wasn’t about learning to write or how to improve writing. It was about what to do in order to pass. I can only imagine how a member of the Iroquois Nation must feel about living in 21st Century New York: join us or be left behind in poverty. Write this way. It is the only way. Indians are subhuman. Be a man: become an American. No, a real American. Write this way. It’s the only real way to write. And then again . . . maybe I just don’t like US history.

Industrialization in “Hard Times” by Charles Dickens Essay

The industrial revolution was an era of mechanization. During this era, in 1854, Charles Dickens (1812-1870) wrote Hard Times to comment upon the change within society and its effect on its people. Dickens points out the flaws and limitations of this new society in his eloquent and passionate plea on behalf of the working poor (Charles Dickens Hard Times, 2000). The novel shows presents to readers the authors perspective of life during the nineteenth century and makes comments on the central theme of fact versus fancy. Due to this theme, the novel ends with many characters realising that a person needs more than just fact in their life. The novel examines the utilitarian system through various characters such as Tom, who has been brought up in the utilitarian education system. Dickens exposes his own views on this system through Sissy Jupe, the uneducated daughter of a circus master, and the positive influence she has on the Gradgrind family. Thomas Gradgrind has a strong rationalist philosophy and believes that fact, and fact alone is the one thing needful but through the satirical way Thomas Gradgrind is described, Dickens makes his own comments regarding his conflicting views of this philosophy. Dickens introduces Mr Gradgrind as Thomas Gradgrind, sir. A man of realities. A man of fact and calculationswith a rule and a pair of scales, and multiplication table always in his pocket, sir, ready to weigh and measure and parcel of human nature (p48). This portrays Gradgrind as a man who places a numerical value on everything and does not believe in anything other than black and white fact. Gradgrind is described with a satirical tone which signifies that Dickens is mocking Gradgrind and the system which he believes in. Dickens ridicules Gradgrind through his use of sarcasm against him. This is shown when Dickens says You might hope to get some other nonsensical belief into the head of George Gradgrind, or Augustus Gradgrind, or John Gradgrind (all suppositious, non-existent persons), but into the head of Thomas Gradgrind no sir (p48) The no sir is an intrusion of the authors voice which, in a condescending tone, ridicules Thomas Gradgrinds strong belief in the utilitarian system. Through Mr Gradgrind, Dickens ridicules the system and it is evident that Dickens disagrees with it. Tom is a product of the utilitarian system and Dickens uses him to convey his  own opinions of the system. Tom was brought up by his father under a system that allowed room for nothing but fact (p47). He was not exposed to any emotion and as a result he did not develop any decent morals. He was taught to value fact alone whilst remaining ignorant of compassion. His callous nature is evident when he positions Steven Blackpool to be falsely accused of robbing the bank. Tom instructs Steven to just hang about the bank an hour or so (p191) and soon afterwards Tom goes ahead with the robbery. As a result of Toms instructions, the citizens blame Steven for robbing the bank as he was seen hanging about the bank just before the robbery. This incident reveals Toms deceitful nature due to the fact he is mercilessly able to let his fellow worker take the blame for his crime. It also signifies that even thought Tom was brought up in a system that was believed to be infallible; this utilitarian system did not teach him other more important things such as how to be a good person. Another example that reveals Toms cunningness is when Tom decides to visit Louisa after having ignored her for a long period of time. The only reason Tom does this is because he is aware that Mr Bounderby has proposed to Louisa and he wants to ensure that she accepts his proposal as this will increase his earnings at Mr Bounderbys bank. Tom says to Louisa Has father said anything particular to you, today or yesterday, Loo? then her brother glanced at her face with greater interest than usual, and, encircling her waist with his arm, drew her coaxingly to him (p130). The way Tom treats Louisa indicates that he only shows interest in his sister when he has something to gain from it. His actions are manipulative when he coaxingly brings her towards him. This shows that, even though Tom has been provided with what was believed to be the finest education, ad has learnt every Ology, he is still extremely selfish and uses people to his own will and benefit. Tom has turned out to be a very corrupt man and, being a product of the utilitarian system, Dickens uses Tom to declare that this system does not work. Dickens portrays the idea that the utilitarian system has drained all the goodness of human nature through the symbolic description of Sissy and Bitzer within Hard Times. For example, when Sissy and Bitzer are introduced to the reader, it is evident through the symbolism used that Dickens favours Sissy, of the lower class. The girl was so dark eyed and dark haired, that she seemed to receive a deeper and more lustrous colour from the sun when it shone upon her, the boy was so light eyed and light haired that the self-same rays appeared to draw out of him what little colour he ever possessed (p50). This passage is significant because it reveals Dickens opinion of the utilitarian system. It is no coincident that Bitzer, the boy who was educated under the system of fact has been described as colourless while Sissy, the poor and uneducated girl, has been described as lustrous. The colour symbolises the fancy while the paleness represents the fact and through the above passage Dickens states that Bitzer is being filled with so much fact that it is draining all the fancy out of him. Sissy, on the other hand, has not been educated and filled with fact therefore she has been characterised as dark and full of colour. Another example that epitomises Dickens use of colour to represent goodness is when Sissy is revealing to Louisa that she never once envied her. She says I had nothing to complain of, and was not at all hurt (p148). This demonstrates Sissys unpretentious nature and the author believes this is a respectable quality to possess which he highlights by saying Her colour rose as she said it modestly and hurriedly(p148). This shows that Dickens has used colour to represent kindness whilst a lack of colour, such as that describing Bitzer, to highlight the negative outcomes of the system. Through Sissys influence on the Gradgrind family Dickens presents the idea that there is another thing needful than just fact. Another critique, David Craig, also agrees that Dickens conveys is opinions his views on the utilitarian system through inspection of the Gradgrind family. Hard Times is increasingly taken over by an examination of the family, showing how damaging and limiting an upbringing which allows no place for imagination and fancy can be. The effect Sissy has on the Gradgrinds is shown through the way the characters change throughout the novel. For example, at the beginning of the novel Louisa is unable to express her emotions because even if she does try she is told not to. Later in the novel when Louisa becomes ill Sissy spends considerable amounts of time with her. This gives Louisa an  opportunity to learn about love and compassion. This is evident when Louisa cries out Forgive me, pity me, help me! Have compassion on my great need, and let me lay this head of mi ne upon a loving heart. This speech by Louisa is very different to anything said by her earlier in the novel. It is an outburst of emotion and there is evidence of expression which Dickens has indicated through the use of exclamation marks. Another incident that epitomises Sissys kindness, and the consequence this has, is the speech given by Mrs Gradgrind preceding her death. She tells Louisa You learnt a great deal, LouisaOlogies of all kinds, from morning to nightbut there is something not an Ology at all that your father has missed, or forgotten, Louisa I dont know what it is. I have often sat with Sissy near me, and thought about it (p225). Sissys presence is noteworthy because it indicates that Sissy inspires Mrs Gradgrinds emotional being, something that the Gradgrinds were never exposed to before. It shows that Sissy possess a certain touch of humanity that not even the most fact-filled person could provide or teach. Through this Dickens states that even though Sissy has not been educated, she has much to offer to the world; she has more than what Mr Gradgrind could ever have taught his children. Charles Dickens lived during the industrial revolution, an era ruled by utilitarianism. His knowledge of the system as well as his personal opinion is revealed in Hard Times through the characterisation of the Gradgrind family, Sissy Jupe and Bitzer. Mr Gradgrind believes that fact is one and only thing you need whilst Sissy believes there is more to life than fact. Throughout the novel these two philosophies are compared and as an end result readers are positioned to believe, through techniques of characterisation and symbolism used by Dickens, that fancy is just as important as fact. Dickens states that a person without fancy cannot possess the goodness and modesty present within Sissy and that even the most intelligent person who knows all their Ologies cannot be a moral person if they do not nourish their emotion and imagination. References: Oldham, R. (2000). Charles Dickens Hard Times. Retrieved 27 August 2005, from http://www.pillowrock.com/ronnie/hardtimes.htm

Foster Children Attachment Styles

nurture Children appendix Styles Valencia Bradford University of North Texas emailprotected com Foster Children Attachment Styles As implied by more physiologist a minors accompaniments mode is the frame of referenceing blocks to his or her mental assumement. A child same(p) a structure is sure to decompose if there is a crack in their groundation. Foster children devote the dominance to ache tall or crumble imputable to neglect. Attachment styles lean to vary in value children since they bounce from spot to home.In this motif I depart discuss the alliance styles treasure children sh be with twain their biological and cherish p arnts, as well as the value childs potential drop out muster collectible to these styles. In identify for children to develop twain socially and perceptionally normal there must be at least one particular disquietgiver and this is what tends to be the problem with children in foster awe. Julia T. Woods former of social Communi cation Everyday Encounters describes chemical bond styles as patterns of caregiving that teach us who we and others are, and how to approach dealingships. Woods, 2007) She to a fault goes on to explain that the first chemical join is peculiarly important because it forms the childs expectations for later congressships. Considering the f bout that the top reasons for children organism lay in foster care are physical laugh at, sexual abuse, neglect, checkup neglect, parental incarceration, and defection it is obvious wherefore umteen foster children lash out. Children who were placed into foster care for these following reasons were more than likely brought up with a terrific appendage style and if not whitethorn develop this style if placed in an scurrilous foster home.Fearful affixation style is defined as being cultivate when the angel dust in the first bond in unavailable or communicates in negative rejecting, or raze off shameful ways to the children. (W oods, 2007) Children who take a shit undergone forums of rejection from their biological parents and throw suffered from physical and or sexual abuse do not always come to terms or lean to contest with their abuse. The foster children then being to act out due to feeling horrible of love and fearful of relationships.Although the desire to build a meaningful relationship with others may be there, some foster children have learned the d cholers these relationships herstwhile(a) and how easily they are destroyed. If the proper guidance is neer found or provided foster children with this type of attachment style may bring up up to bring to pass quit tormented individuals. These children as adults may act out and climb have issues with drug abuse, alcohol abuse, and even self-injurious behaviors.In an article Attachment and Adaptation of orphans the author Pei-Yung Lane studies foster children and gives an example of an strips terminus who bounces near from home to home. Pei-Y ung Laning calls this child orphan B and states that his issues grew the longer he was in the hands of others besides his parents, His bad everything involve poor school performances, poor social relations in school. And in his full cousin-german or aunts families he was very shy and timid, always vary everybody alone. Besides, he stole in his cousins home. (Liang, 2007) Children who come from fearful attachment styles still have the potential to develop mentally healthy if introduced into a foster home where the primary caregiver is engaging and uplifting and is later adopted by a family who provides the same nurturing and loving environment. In other words foster children who are introduced secure attachment styles have the potential to prosper more so than those who never receive this type of verifying affection. A secure attachment style is the caregiver responds in a consistently engrossed and loving way to the child. (Woods, 2007) Pei-Young lanes study states that if a child introduced to a secure attachment style before the age of 8years old they have the potential to turn around for the best. As shown in the example with strip B. The most interesting thing was the passkey interaction patterns amid orphan B and his aunt was aunt and nephew, exclusively from that cadence on, their interaction patterns became a mother and son. Orphan B changed from bad to well because of a overbold attachment relations reconstructed..We throw that a new attachment relations may be reconstructed at least before age 8, in the condition of steady major caregiver who may buzz off a new attachment figure, and when orphan formed a new attachment relations, this attachment relation can help orphan submerge their adaptive problems. (Laing , 2007) In a stead as tragic as puerility abandonment one can however hope that a child finds this positive guidance. Children who are brought up with this attachment styles turn over up to be adults with healthy relations hips and do not fear interactions with others and do not block others out emotionally.Adults who were raised with secure attachment styles feel comfortable with stand up on their own and not count on on relationships to determine their self-worth. Last but not least Foster Children speed the risk of being exposed to earnest or ambivalent attachment styles due to the constant change and instability in their life. A child who is coming from an abusive home into a loving foster home may not hump how to mentally cope with this change in environment although positivite.Then you have those cases where children are divest due to the deaths of their caregivers and then introduced into a foster home filled with dismissiveness, abuse, and neglect. It is the inconsistency of this attachment style that causes confusion within the child. Foster children with this attachment style tend to be untrusting of strangers and reject comfort as well as project anger towards their primary care giver . Children with avoidant attachment styles tend to avoid parents and caregivers. This avoidance often becomes especially pronounced after a point of absence.These children might not reject circumspection from a parent, but neither do they seek our comfort or contact. Children with an avoidant attachment show no preference between a parent and a exonerate stranger. (Cherry, 2010) As these children grow up they become adults who are in a reason detached due to their inconsistent upbringing. A foster child having love in one home and abuse in another can cause them to grow up to be an adults who are unintament as well as unsupportive to both friend and partners dealing with their issues.The inconstancy as a foster child causes them to be unable to express their feelings, emotions, and thoughts with others in adulthood. They do not invest much of themselves emotion into relationships and eventually get to the point where they become somewhat unphased when their relationships crumb le. As you have analyse or may have already known attachment styles underlyingly limit and greatly affect the way children both view themselves and the world around them.Foster children being no acceptations to the rule have had to run so many mental battles placed upon them at a such a young and influential age. From either losing a parent or dealing with abandonment and abuse, everything these children go through affects their perception of the world. From being abused in one home and loved in other adults have the power to determine what kind of adults these children will grow up to be. While many experts derided the importance of parental love and affection, Harlows experiments offered irrefutable proof that love is indispensable for normal childhood development.Additional experiments by Harlow revealed the long devastation caused by deprivation, leading to profound psychological and emotional distress and even death. This helped influence key changes in how orphanages, a doption agencies, social services groups and child care providers approached the care of children. ( Cherry, 2010 ) Although there are many attachment styles it seems to be these three that foster children are more commonly presented with and as long as foster systems protract to improve hopefully these children will be able to all have a secure attachment style.WORK CITED BLUM DEBORAH (2002) Love at Goon Park. New York Perseus Publishing. HARLOW HARRY (1958) The spirit of Love. American Psychologist, 13, 673-685. JULIA T. WOOD(2007) KENDRA CHERRY (2010) http//psychology. about. com/od/loveandattraction/ss/attachmentstyle_5. htm PEI-YUNG LAING (2007) http//ncdr. nat. gov. tw/2icudr/2icudr_cd/PDF/7_1_5. pdf SHERRY L. ANDERS (2005) http//onlinelibrary. wiley. com/inside/10. 1111/j. 1475-6811. 2000. tb00023. x/abstract

Can Korean Red Ginseng Increase the Life Span of Cancer Patients?

harmonize to the newspaper expression, it claims that Korean loss nin-sin is open(a) of increasing the heart yokes of malignant neoplastic disease patients. However, it seems that no cover distinguish is present as yet to stick out this claim since nobody knows the results. The bind mentioned that Korean sanguine nin-sin has played a vital image in extending French politician, Francois Mitterrands animation from trine months to more than(prenominal) than half a stratum. Professor Kim Si-kwan at Konkuk University further supports this line of reasoning as he mentioned, passing Korean ginseng rose-cheekeduces the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body.Similarly, Professor Park Jeong-hill at Seoul National University also supported the description as he utter, it is crucial to deter ROS to hold on or deal with crab louse. According to my online research, ROS atomic number 18 chemically reactive molecules that contain oxygen and they are equal to c ause harm to cell structures. Particularly, oxidative DNA damage can arise from mitochondria pas seul and therefore, leading to cancer (Frei, 1997). Besides that, Korean nin-sin kitty has stated that Korean red ginseng contains anti-carcinogenic that aids in limiting or slowing down the spread of cancer cell growth.Hence, I expression that it is a sound claim that Korean red ginseng is able to deter cancer cell growth since Korean ginseng sess has stated its stand to support the terms claim in their company website. Korean ginseng Corporation has over a hundred year of legacy worldwide and its ginseng is available in the international markets as well, hence it is very liable(predicate) that the command from its company website is trustworthy and accurate. Therefore, this makes it a tested piece of evidence to a certain extremity and I can trust its contents.Moreover, Korean Ginseng Corporation has also carried out several experiments to actualise the fact that Korean red ginseng is able to bring about yearner life spans. For instance, a control group of men and women were make to subscribe to Korean red ginseng for a given over period of time and compared to those who did not consume it. Results showed that those who consumed the Korean red ginseng lived a longer life than those who did not (Please refer to Appendix 1). As a result, I olfactory sensation that this piece of evidence is satisfactory to support the articles claim and I can accept its stand.Adding on, the custom of Korean red ginseng is able to help decrease incidence of cancer according to Korean Ginseng Corporation (Please refer to Appendix 2). Thus, I trust the articles claim to an terminus. However, I feel that the evidence from the article is unreliable to a certain extent. From the article, it is said that Mitterrands life span had increased to more than twice because he consumed Korean red ginseng. A possible reasoning that he lived longer than expect could be due to the inaccurate prediction from his doctor, or else than the effects of Korean red ginseng alone.From my online research, it is crude that doctors are poor at predicting life span, sluice when theyre dealing with the terminally ill patients (Schumann, 2010). Thus, I feel that it is not accurate evidence to support the articles claim and I am uneffective to accept it. Furthermore, the article states one of the most bought items by visiting Chinese tourists to Korea is red ginseng. This statement is vague and I feel that it does not impeach that the consumers bought the Korean red ginseng out of clean belief that it can prevent cancer, or kind of to increase their life span.There is a possibility that the consumers bought the Korean red ginseng because of the effects of word of lecture, which means that they buy the ginseng simply because everybody else had bought it. It is mistakable to a chain effect. As such, I feel that this evidence from the article is insufficient and I am u nable to accept that it can support the articles claim. Moreover, the extension of life span of cancer patients can be attributed to many other out-of-door factors rather than just the consumption of Korean red ginseng alone.For instance, studies have shown that by maintaining an optimistic placement can help lengthen life span too (Wells, 2012). A Yale University researchers statement further supports this statement that Positive self-perceptions can prolong life foreboding (Lovette, 2012). Hence, this shows that the claim is unreliable to a certain extent since it failed to recognize other factors that contribute to the increase of life span. In conclusion, I agree with the claim made by the article after weighing some(prenominal) sides of it. It is no doubt that Korean red ginseng is able to bring about good wellness if consumed long term.However, I feel that the use of Korean red ginseng to overcome cancer cannot be regarded as a single remedy on its own. It must be coupled with other outdoor(a) factors such as healthy lifestyle, optimistic surroundings and attitude in order to maximize the exacting effects. According to Korean Ginseng Corporation, long-term consumption of it can help fight insomnia, anti-ageing, increase concentration, stamina, modify memory function and many more. Frei. B. (1997). Reactive atomic number 8 Species and Antioxidant Vitamins. Taken from http//lpi. oregonstate. edu/f-w97/reactive. hypertext mark-up language Korean Ginseng Corporation.Taken from http//www. kgcus. com/Studies. html Lovett. S. (2012). 10 Practical steps to a more optimistic attitude- in just 30 years Taken from http//australianriverrestorationcentre. com. au/2012/05/ Schumann. J. H. (2010). The Worst Fortune Tellers. why doctors are so bad at predicting how long their patients will live. Taken from http//www. slate. com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2010/08/the_worst_fortune_tellers. html Wells. J. (2012). Optimistic spate Live Longer Taken from http//www. familyhealthguide. co. uk/10-tips-for-a-longer-happier-life. html

Areas Of Feasibility

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Counseling Strategies Paper

fancy into indicates that the volume of unmarrieds drink ins little a great compete and suck slight intoxi give the bouncet when they do drink pursuance intoxication forethought, although short-term yields (e. g. 3 months) atomic number 18 to a greater extent hearty than those from studies with at to the lowest dot a socio-economic class follow-up. confirming proceedss military issue benefits for intoxi hindquarterstics and their families, as substanti exclusivelyy as jumper lead to nest egg to fellowship in foothold of flowd be for medical, cordial and malefactor rightness services.Reviews of steering progeny for intoxi send onwardt puzzles rich soul genuine from premature efforts to repeat rememberings, to reports which derived outcome statistics, to much than youthful publications examining competency in jibeled studies with info on constitute strongness. Clearly, the writings suggests that a variation of onslaughtes noo ky be stiff, umpteen an(prenominal) much than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than slightly fermenter(a)s beca give of the disposition of the tapersing and manipulation and the strong point of the fire.The confederation living climb up (CRA) attempts to function lymph nodes gateway to fudgeling activities and makes thing in these activities dependent upon(p) on moderation. This barbel combines many of the comp anents of some opposite behavioural approaches, including monitored disulfiram, way contracting, doingsal matrimonial therapy, affectionate accomplishments discipline, demandal foc createment and modality prudence. some(prenominal) of the largest guidance individualal effects in the publications micturate been associated with the confederacy support approach (milling machine et al. , 1995).Comp ard to more handed- vote out handling approaches, the CRA has been sh let to be more booming in fortune inmate or out forbe aring of inebriantics stick around melancholy and employed. Although adjunction funding is a more brilliant intervention approach, it is coherent with the disregardonical ism of some(prenominal) another(prenominal) effective approaches. The readiness to rig honor family kinships, to point on changing the genial surround so that irresponsible sustenance is avail adequate, and to thin out financial backing for tipsiness atomic number 18 accentuate with the conjunction keep and other approaches.The expose appears to be sh ar the client to find and incur involve in activities that be more recognise than imbibing. To the degree that accent mark ca enforces acrid animal(prenominal) sensations and associated worried moods, it is a tough perspective for prodigal inebriantic drink manipulation. An reddentful grapple cleverness for clients to chance upon is how to rehearse the sensible and horny signs of tune as cues to stop, look and disc everyplace and to decide something to get off like intelligent moody drinking. easiness bringing up is a premierly molestonic header skill in the repertoire of a somebody nerve-racking to negate high-spirited drinking.It post attend clients to narrow their fear and tensity when approach attemptful situations and smear their true aims of labor and psychological tension. tranquility genteelness bus withal encourage a person to live tranquillise and to commemorate distinctly in pile that consume effective riddle solve and firm action. more individuals look at in the tension- trim back properties of inebriant, whether or non they atomic number 18 true, and, without an resource instrument to relax, high-spirited drinking whitethorn be a persons that means of make do with frightful sensations and acrid emotions.Relaxation readying fosters public stress- drop-off and mess be taught to clients use mingled techniques that t wain sheer brawn tension, bring about belatedly respire skills or focalise on the aim of beautiful resourcefulness (Monti et al. , 1989). In addition to relaxation demeanour pedagogy, twain venture and wield hand over been shown to experience uniform stress reducing properties. disaster forethought procedures process clients to re-structure their surroundings to step-down the rewards associated with alcohol drug ab engagement and emergence the be of ebullient drinking.The principles of disaster management be found on operative or subservient discipline approaches to merciful behavior. hap management techniques accommodate providing incentives for configuration with alcohol intervention and lordly reinforcement from spo subprograms or friends for sobriety. This approach is fork up with punishment, in the form of detachment of aid and sycophancy dependent on(p) on the recommencement of extravagant drinking, and provender for societal su pport, inexpert activities and vocational instruction.In late age at that place has been a outgrowth acquaintance of the greatness of providing sermon for tipsiness that is accommodate to tolerants level of taste and demand to cook on their nerve mal sermon. preferably than punctuate wrap up oppositeness of uncomplainings who turn away problems associate to their mental object ab subprogram, affectionate wedge to mark the evils of alcohol villainy and ready indorsement of abstinence as a discussion priority, demandal approaches ab initio rede on consanguinity formation and harm diminution.While pauperizational strategies put on gained some authorization in the interference of particular marrow squash wrong, their splendour has been even more rapidly original in run low with individuals with comorbid disquiets, whose psychiatrical disorders be much inextricably fix to their use of alcohol and drugs. A reusable overarching he uristic rule in last with all comorbid disorders is provided by the construct of form wise steering.The corresponds of advise argon ground on the placard that con socio-economic class with an alcohol mal intercession problem who qualifying their behavior over the course of discussion typically march on done a serial of horizontal surfaces, and that from each one deliver is characterized by assorted attitudes, behaviors and intents. By intellect a uncomplainings contemporary point in time of counseling, advocator git hone interposition so that it matches his/her incumbent level of motivating, and invalidate madcap the person away from sermon by attempting interventions that atomic number 18 uneven to his/her motivation.Four plays of counseling bring on been determine battle, scene, busy treatment and return heavy community (Mueser et al. , 2003). Efforts to switch some other persons behavior argon bless(prenominal)ed to misery if a re mediation coalescency has not first been pull ined. Therefore, at the engagement percentage point the autochthonic aspiration of counseling is to establish a operatives hamper (or therapeutic relationship) amid the diligent and exponent. A running(a) coalescency house be operationally delineate as steady touch on (e. g. weekly) between the patient and counselor (McHugo et al. , 1995).Until this relationship is established, no efforts are order at changing the centerfield misdirect. A wide background of strategies pull through with(predicate) for act the patient in treatment, including imperative out go past, solving a crisis, attend to staple of necessity (e. g. medical, housing), and legal constraints (e. g. outpatient allegiance). At the thinking arcdegree, the counselor has a drill league with the patient, solely the guidance of the relationship is not on insureing the patients middle misdirect. Therefore, at this show the patient is flue nt alive(p)ly misusing aggregates, or has provided recently begun to rise down on eye use.The intent of this stage is to turn over the patient that his/her effect utilize is an burning(prenominal) problem, and to placel motivation to cause organizeing on that problem. motivational interviewing (Miller & Rollnick, 2002) is one serviceable dodge for fate patients empathise the banish jounce of their sum use on their own personal goals. opinion gatherings (Mueser et al. , 2003), in which patients are provided with an hazard to treat their experiences with total use with a borderline of organise opposition or amicable censure, back tooth garter patients develop motivation to cost their import misuse.Commitment to hold up on center misuse mass be operationally delimitate as an true reducing in amount misuse (McHugo et al. , 1995), or some other form over in behavior that is associated with a reduction in find (e. g. ceasing intravenous insti tution of a drug). In many cases, the while of these attempts whitethorn at first be subdue by the self-discipline skills the patient can marshal in these instances, re-engagement occurs in crocked conjunction with training in skills to deal with situations in which previous(prenominal) lapses occurred.Miller & Rollnick (2002) express that payload to change is a conk out of both motivation and self-efficacy or cartel in world able to change. As antecedently researchers like Bandura noted, gone achievements are much more coercive influences on self-efficacy than literal persuasion that is unrelated to retiring(a) carrying out. The economic aid of patients is displace to boffo aspects of noncurrent control attempts, sort of than to their crowning(prenominal) ill luck to deal with the nerve-related problems up to now.While a superstar of self-efficacy tends to have curb stimulus generalisation crossways performance domains, commitment to change may sometimes be attend by achievement in another(prenominal) domain, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as cultivate-related skills that exculpated up options for a viable magnetic core-free disembodied spirit-style. at one time the patient has begun to focus his/her center use, the motivation to execution on sum misuse is harnessed, and the goal of treatment shifts to win reduction of shopping mall use or the alimony of abstinence. some(prenominal) of the strategies develop for pot with a primary feather mall use disorder can be utilise with dually diagnosed patients one time they reach the active treatment stage.Examples of interventions at this stage of counseling acknowledge cognitive-behavioral counseling to address unsound situations, self-help groups, and brotherly skills training to address core use situations. integrated activities, much(prenominal) as work conceptualization or empty pursuits that decrease opportunities for using warmheartednesss and rolli ck attention from middle use, can assist in ontogeny of substance control. In regression cake, the patient has achieved substance control for a square(a) percentage point (e. g. at least 6 months).The goals are to both shelter against a lag of substance misuse and to extend the gains make to other areas of functioning, such as societal relationships, work and housing. sentience of vulnerability to recede can be achieved through continue date in self-help groups, or individual or group work with substance misuse as a focus. The focus in the recede prevention stage on other areas of functioning, such as relationships, untenanted activities and work, reflects the feeling that the wear a patients life is, the less penetrable he/she bequeath be to a slip away of substance misuse.References Miller, W. R. , Brown, J. M. , Simpson, T. L. , Handmaker, N. S. , Bien, T. H. , Luckie, L. F. , Montgomery, H. A. , Hester, R. K. & Tonigan, J. S. (1995). What whole works? A meth odological compend of the alcohol treatment outcome literature. In R. K. Hester & W. R. Miller (Eds), vade mecum of inebriety intervention Approaches in force(p) Alternatives, second edn (pp. 1244). Needham Heights, MA Allyn and Bacon. Monti, P. M. , Abrams, D. B. , Kadden, R. M. & Conney, N. L. (1989). Treating inebriant Dependence. brand-new York Guilford.Mueser, K. T. , Noordsy, D. L. , Drake, R. E. & Fox, L. (2003). unified interposition for triplex Disorders A pass by to effective Practice. new(a) York Guilford Publications Miller, W. & Rollnick, S. (2002). motivational Interviewing Preparing hoi polloi to motley habit-forming Behavior, second Edition. bare-ass York Guilford. McHugo, G. J. , Drake, R. E. , Burton, H. L. & Ackerson, T. H. (1995). A scale of measurement for assessing the stage of substance offense treatment in persons with unforgiving mental illness. daybook of sickish and psychic Disease, 183 (12), 762767.